- TestbankU
... a. Neurons have a high metabolic rate. b. The dendrites store nutrients and oxygen for the neuron. c. Dead neurons are consumed by other neurons. d. Neurons make up 29% of the volume of the brain. e. Neurons can survive for hours without oxygen. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-31 Page Ref: 35 Topic: ...
... a. Neurons have a high metabolic rate. b. The dendrites store nutrients and oxygen for the neuron. c. Dead neurons are consumed by other neurons. d. Neurons make up 29% of the volume of the brain. e. Neurons can survive for hours without oxygen. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-31 Page Ref: 35 Topic: ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of each pathway and how they relate to these anatomical features are still unresolved. In particular, we lack evidence in the awake animal or human volunteer as to the nature of th ...
... major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of each pathway and how they relate to these anatomical features are still unresolved. In particular, we lack evidence in the awake animal or human volunteer as to the nature of th ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 16.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
Slide 1
... No significant effect on Tb rhythm No significant effect on melatonin secretion or rhythm DMH primarily sends glutamatergic and TRH neurons to LHA; sends primarily GABAergic projections to VLPO ...
... No significant effect on Tb rhythm No significant effect on melatonin secretion or rhythm DMH primarily sends glutamatergic and TRH neurons to LHA; sends primarily GABAergic projections to VLPO ...
completion
... Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use. ANS: monoamine oxidases ...
... Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use. ANS: monoamine oxidases ...
Disorders of the Spinal Cord
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment – a der ...
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment – a der ...
Neural communication systems
... The analysis and interpretation framework of abstract communication systems offers a new look on how biological neural systems work. It emphasizes the role of inner processes of such systems in accordance with pattern language descriptions [2], and provides a relatively easy way to understand and an ...
... The analysis and interpretation framework of abstract communication systems offers a new look on how biological neural systems work. It emphasizes the role of inner processes of such systems in accordance with pattern language descriptions [2], and provides a relatively easy way to understand and an ...
Enriched Expression of GluD1 in Higher Brain Regions and Its
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
Continuous transformation learning of translation
... show by simulation how CT learning can be used to build translation invariant representations in a hierarchical network model (VisNet) of cortical processing in the ventral visual system, and we show how CT learning can usefully complement trace rule learning (Földiák 1991; Wallis and Rolls 1997; ...
... show by simulation how CT learning can be used to build translation invariant representations in a hierarchical network model (VisNet) of cortical processing in the ventral visual system, and we show how CT learning can usefully complement trace rule learning (Földiák 1991; Wallis and Rolls 1997; ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... encoding of decision variables in posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). We recorded the firing rates of neurons in posterior parietal cortex and FOF from rats performing a perceptual decision-making task. Classical analyses uncovered correlates of accumulat ...
... encoding of decision variables in posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). We recorded the firing rates of neurons in posterior parietal cortex and FOF from rats performing a perceptual decision-making task. Classical analyses uncovered correlates of accumulat ...
_ch_16_AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
Artificial neural networks and their application in biological and
... (Kirova et al. 2009) or the determination of the water content in leaf tissue (Goltsev et al. 2012). This proves that the development and improvement of this method for biological research is necessary and very promising (Tyystjärvi et al. 1999). Earlier ANN models Each individual neuron in the nerv ...
... (Kirova et al. 2009) or the determination of the water content in leaf tissue (Goltsev et al. 2012). This proves that the development and improvement of this method for biological research is necessary and very promising (Tyystjärvi et al. 1999). Earlier ANN models Each individual neuron in the nerv ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1b (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are implicated in the etiologies of clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Prolonged stress responses and cytokines impair neuronal plasticity and stimulation of neurotra ...
... stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1b (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are implicated in the etiologies of clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Prolonged stress responses and cytokines impair neuronal plasticity and stimulation of neurotra ...
A hitchhiker`s guide to the nervous system: the - IGMM
... Axonal retrograde transport also allows peripheral signals to be translated into nuclear responses. For example, receptors that are activated by target‑derived neurotrophins during development create ‘signalling endosomes’, which contain neurotrophin receptor complexes as well as downstream‑activate ...
... Axonal retrograde transport also allows peripheral signals to be translated into nuclear responses. For example, receptors that are activated by target‑derived neurotrophins during development create ‘signalling endosomes’, which contain neurotrophin receptor complexes as well as downstream‑activate ...
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
... tree that requires the smallest number of changes to account for the observed pattern of character states (the maximum-parsimony solution) usually is considered to be the best estimate of the correct tree. The growth of molecular biology has provided a new source of comparative information to supple ...
... tree that requires the smallest number of changes to account for the observed pattern of character states (the maximum-parsimony solution) usually is considered to be the best estimate of the correct tree. The growth of molecular biology has provided a new source of comparative information to supple ...
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D
... Wyatt, and Costa that rats with lesioned in their substantia nigra were injected with Ddopa in combination with carbidopa, increased dopamine concentration in the striatum to the same concentration as a similar treatment as L- Dopa plus carbidopa. It was found that although dopamine concentrations i ...
... Wyatt, and Costa that rats with lesioned in their substantia nigra were injected with Ddopa in combination with carbidopa, increased dopamine concentration in the striatum to the same concentration as a similar treatment as L- Dopa plus carbidopa. It was found that although dopamine concentrations i ...
Author`s personal copy
... from nonhuman species such as the macaque. However, topographic organization of associative areas in macaques may be more complex, with evidence of areas that are only partially topographically organized (e.g., an eccentricity but no polar-angle map has been reported in the frontal eye fields [FEF] ...
... from nonhuman species such as the macaque. However, topographic organization of associative areas in macaques may be more complex, with evidence of areas that are only partially topographically organized (e.g., an eccentricity but no polar-angle map has been reported in the frontal eye fields [FEF] ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... Axons and dendrites of neurons differ in the polarity orientation of their microtubules. Whereas the polarity orientation of microtubules in axons is uniform, with all plus ends distal, that in dendrites is nonuniform. The mechanisms responsible for establishment and maintenance of microtubule polar ...
... Axons and dendrites of neurons differ in the polarity orientation of their microtubules. Whereas the polarity orientation of microtubules in axons is uniform, with all plus ends distal, that in dendrites is nonuniform. The mechanisms responsible for establishment and maintenance of microtubule polar ...
Evidence for parasympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue
... absence of histological evidence for the presence of VAChT, VIP, and nNOS may lead to the conclusion that there is no vagal innervation, the authors should be well aware that the evidence for these markers has been very difficult to obtain in other organs and is highly variable. The liver, a structu ...
... absence of histological evidence for the presence of VAChT, VIP, and nNOS may lead to the conclusion that there is no vagal innervation, the authors should be well aware that the evidence for these markers has been very difficult to obtain in other organs and is highly variable. The liver, a structu ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... encode monaural spectral cues, which are particularly important in mammals for making elevation judgments and for distinguishing between sound directions in front of and behind the head.(15,20) Regardless of whether the information is derived from monaural spectral cues or from binaural difference c ...
... encode monaural spectral cues, which are particularly important in mammals for making elevation judgments and for distinguishing between sound directions in front of and behind the head.(15,20) Regardless of whether the information is derived from monaural spectral cues or from binaural difference c ...
Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... Fig.3 shows the results of cell counts (neurons) in different groups. The number of neurons in all experimental groups was lower than in the control-saline group and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The highest decrease in the number of neurons was shown in response to MDMA with the dose ...
... Fig.3 shows the results of cell counts (neurons) in different groups. The number of neurons in all experimental groups was lower than in the control-saline group and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The highest decrease in the number of neurons was shown in response to MDMA with the dose ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
On the role of primary motor cortex in arm movement
... adhoc assumptions about poorly understood mechanisms (see Section 2). In particular, we use linear approximations to the spinal circuitry, muscle force production mechanisms, and kinematics of the multijoint arm. The effects of other descending systems are ignored, although there is evidence (Miller ...
... adhoc assumptions about poorly understood mechanisms (see Section 2). In particular, we use linear approximations to the spinal circuitry, muscle force production mechanisms, and kinematics of the multijoint arm. The effects of other descending systems are ignored, although there is evidence (Miller ...
Chapter 2 - Biological Basis of Behavior
... Blocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis “Botox” is botulism toxin used to prevent facial ...
... Blocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis “Botox” is botulism toxin used to prevent facial ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.