Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... media have been reported previously (Nachshenand Drapeau, 1988; Koch and Barish, 1991; Raley-Susman et al., 1991). Following the establishmentof a stableresting pH,, ratios were obtained intermittently during a 5 min bath application of 500 I.LM GLU (Fig. 1A). Immediately upon introduction of GLU, f ...
... media have been reported previously (Nachshenand Drapeau, 1988; Koch and Barish, 1991; Raley-Susman et al., 1991). Following the establishmentof a stableresting pH,, ratios were obtained intermittently during a 5 min bath application of 500 I.LM GLU (Fig. 1A). Immediately upon introduction of GLU, f ...
Grid Cell Mechanisms and Function: Contributions of Michael E. Hasselmo*
... (Taube et al., 1990; Blair and Sharp, 1995; Muller et al., 1996; Sharp, 1996; Boccara et al., 2008; Taube, 1998), or in deep layers of the medial entorhinal cortex (Sargolini et al., 2006) or indirectly from head direction cells in other areas such as anterior thalamus (Knierim et al., 1998; Taube, ...
... (Taube et al., 1990; Blair and Sharp, 1995; Muller et al., 1996; Sharp, 1996; Boccara et al., 2008; Taube, 1998), or in deep layers of the medial entorhinal cortex (Sargolini et al., 2006) or indirectly from head direction cells in other areas such as anterior thalamus (Knierim et al., 1998; Taube, ...
03&04 ANS LECTURE Sultan Ayoub Meo Sept 2 2012
... Acetylcholine activates mainly two types of receptors. They are called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarine activates only muscarinic receptors whereas nicotine activates only nicotinic receptors; acetylcholine activates both of them. Muscarinic receptors are found on all effector cells tha ...
... Acetylcholine activates mainly two types of receptors. They are called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarine activates only muscarinic receptors whereas nicotine activates only nicotinic receptors; acetylcholine activates both of them. Muscarinic receptors are found on all effector cells tha ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... most anterior of the extrastriate areas were in bilaterally homolo30 mm posterior and slightly superior to area V5 (Table 1). Two gous positions consistent with human V5 complex8,9,18. Posterior to loci were bilaterally symmetric located immediately posterior and the V5 complex, bilateral foci of ac ...
... most anterior of the extrastriate areas were in bilaterally homolo30 mm posterior and slightly superior to area V5 (Table 1). Two gous positions consistent with human V5 complex8,9,18. Posterior to loci were bilaterally symmetric located immediately posterior and the V5 complex, bilateral foci of ac ...
working draft - DAVID KAPLAN | Macquarie University
... It is important to keep these two notions of autonomy distinct because the evidence against the methodological autonomy of psychology from neuroscience is relatively strong, whereas the case concerning the explanatory autonomy of psychology remains far more uncertain. Keeley (2000), for example, arg ...
... It is important to keep these two notions of autonomy distinct because the evidence against the methodological autonomy of psychology from neuroscience is relatively strong, whereas the case concerning the explanatory autonomy of psychology remains far more uncertain. Keeley (2000), for example, arg ...
안구의 내하방 편위 - Research in Vestibular Science
... of the posterior circulation, as well as in lateral pontine tegmental and thalamic hemorrhages. In autopsied cases of thalamic hemorrhage with this ocular sign, the hematoma was usually found to have extended into or to have compressed the midbrain.1) The mesodiencephalic junction contains neural st ...
... of the posterior circulation, as well as in lateral pontine tegmental and thalamic hemorrhages. In autopsied cases of thalamic hemorrhage with this ocular sign, the hematoma was usually found to have extended into or to have compressed the midbrain.1) The mesodiencephalic junction contains neural st ...
video slide - Course
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
Contributions of the Basal Amygdala Nuclei to Conditioned Fear
... Unit recordings. Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and administered atropine methyl nitrate (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.) to reduce secretions and aid breathing. In aseptic conditions, rats were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus with nonpuncture ear bars. A local anesthetic (bupivacaine, subcutaneous) was ...
... Unit recordings. Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and administered atropine methyl nitrate (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.) to reduce secretions and aid breathing. In aseptic conditions, rats were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus with nonpuncture ear bars. A local anesthetic (bupivacaine, subcutaneous) was ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... also regulate neuronal polarization. In the developing retina, retinal ganglion cells are generated directly from neuroepithelial cells. Shortly after cell division, the retinal ganglion cells reextend a basal process toward the basal surface, where laminin is expressed. Once the basal process conta ...
... also regulate neuronal polarization. In the developing retina, retinal ganglion cells are generated directly from neuroepithelial cells. Shortly after cell division, the retinal ganglion cells reextend a basal process toward the basal surface, where laminin is expressed. Once the basal process conta ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... those observed during the awake, behaving state [see review by Steriade (2000) and references therein]. Sensory stimulation and subsequent global activation were elicited by pinching the hindpaw for 15 s with serrated forceps that were driven by a standard pneumatic pressure, as described previously ...
... those observed during the awake, behaving state [see review by Steriade (2000) and references therein]. Sensory stimulation and subsequent global activation were elicited by pinching the hindpaw for 15 s with serrated forceps that were driven by a standard pneumatic pressure, as described previously ...
Neurocircuitry of Addiction
... ‘hunger’ or primary need and the effects of morphine on such a state as ‘satiation’ or gratification of the primary need (Wikler, 1952). Although Wikler argued that positive reinforcement was retained even in heavily dependent subjects (eg, thrill of the intravenous opioid injection), addiction prod ...
... ‘hunger’ or primary need and the effects of morphine on such a state as ‘satiation’ or gratification of the primary need (Wikler, 1952). Although Wikler argued that positive reinforcement was retained even in heavily dependent subjects (eg, thrill of the intravenous opioid injection), addiction prod ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
Making Mirrors: Premotor Cortex Stimulation
... Abstract ■ Mirror neurons fire during both the performance of an action ...
... Abstract ■ Mirror neurons fire during both the performance of an action ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... The competition among multiple objects in visual cortex can be biased by both bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down influences, such as selective attention. Functional brain imaging studies reveal that, both in the absence and in the presence of visual stimulation, biasing signals due to ...
... The competition among multiple objects in visual cortex can be biased by both bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down influences, such as selective attention. Functional brain imaging studies reveal that, both in the absence and in the presence of visual stimulation, biasing signals due to ...
Every synaptic algebra has the monotone square root property
... algebra R is called the enveloping algebra of A, and it is assumed that 1 ∈ A and that A is an order-unit normed space with order unit 1 [1, pp. 67–69]. The positive cone in A is denoted by A+ = {a ∈ A : 0 ≤ a}. We assume in what follows that A is a synaptic algebra with enveloping algebra R [3, Def ...
... algebra R is called the enveloping algebra of A, and it is assumed that 1 ∈ A and that A is an order-unit normed space with order unit 1 [1, pp. 67–69]. The positive cone in A is denoted by A+ = {a ∈ A : 0 ≤ a}. We assume in what follows that A is a synaptic algebra with enveloping algebra R [3, Def ...
A PRIMER ON EEG AND RELATED MEASURES OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
... processes. For example, between a certain brain activity and the behavioral act many events occur: Synaptic transmission, the gradual build-up of post-synaptic potentials, action potentials, and so on. These events take time, resulting in a delay between the brain activity and the behavioral act th ...
... processes. For example, between a certain brain activity and the behavioral act many events occur: Synaptic transmission, the gradual build-up of post-synaptic potentials, action potentials, and so on. These events take time, resulting in a delay between the brain activity and the behavioral act th ...
I dc
... • Sensitivity of an Attractor with respect to the Phase of the External Quasiperiodic Forcing Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) |Sn|: bounded for all n Smooth Geometry |Sn|: unbounded (a dense set of singularities) ...
... • Sensitivity of an Attractor with respect to the Phase of the External Quasiperiodic Forcing Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) |Sn|: bounded for all n Smooth Geometry |Sn|: unbounded (a dense set of singularities) ...
RHS 332-chap 2 part
... -Origin: Inferior colliculus in the tectum of the midbrain (which receives auditory impulses). This tract crosses to the opposite side and descends in the cervical segments of the spinal cord. -Functions: It is responsible for auditory attack and defensive reactions. ...
... -Origin: Inferior colliculus in the tectum of the midbrain (which receives auditory impulses). This tract crosses to the opposite side and descends in the cervical segments of the spinal cord. -Functions: It is responsible for auditory attack and defensive reactions. ...
Title: Gene expression analysis of human induced pluripotent stem
... genes encoding GABA receptor subunits, GABRB3, GABRG3, and GABRA5. Additionally, all idic(15) duplications and some int dup(15) duplications include cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein (CYFIP1), which binds to and antagonizes the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP)[16], the protein whose lo ...
... genes encoding GABA receptor subunits, GABRB3, GABRG3, and GABRA5. Additionally, all idic(15) duplications and some int dup(15) duplications include cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein (CYFIP1), which binds to and antagonizes the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP)[16], the protein whose lo ...
Strasbourg, 15 April 1996 - Neurobiology and Developmental
... 2. Center for Translational Neuroscience Recruitment Funds: Direct costs: $100,000, 8/1/2006 7/31/2007. 3. R03DC006356-04: 25% effort, funding period: 5/1/2004 - 4/30/2009, Direct costs: $50,000/year for 3 years. Role: Principal Investigator, NIH/NIDCD, Title: “Synchronous bursting among juxtaglomer ...
... 2. Center for Translational Neuroscience Recruitment Funds: Direct costs: $100,000, 8/1/2006 7/31/2007. 3. R03DC006356-04: 25% effort, funding period: 5/1/2004 - 4/30/2009, Direct costs: $50,000/year for 3 years. Role: Principal Investigator, NIH/NIDCD, Title: “Synchronous bursting among juxtaglomer ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.