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... Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior ...
... Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior ...
Neuropilin-2 Regulates the Development of Select Cranial and
... coordinate action of attractive and repulsive mechanisms (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). One large family of secreted and transmembrane proteins that function in repulsion are the semaphorins, which are characterized by the presence of a conserved ⵑ500 amino acid semaphorin (sema) domain at the ...
... coordinate action of attractive and repulsive mechanisms (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). One large family of secreted and transmembrane proteins that function in repulsion are the semaphorins, which are characterized by the presence of a conserved ⵑ500 amino acid semaphorin (sema) domain at the ...
Taste
... • Tastant binds to its specific receptors in the microvilli of gustatory cells. • Binding of the tastant to a taste receptor opens or closes ion channels, causing potential changes in the taste receptor cell and release of the chemical transmitter e.g. glutamate which excite the nerve fibers to gene ...
... • Tastant binds to its specific receptors in the microvilli of gustatory cells. • Binding of the tastant to a taste receptor opens or closes ion channels, causing potential changes in the taste receptor cell and release of the chemical transmitter e.g. glutamate which excite the nerve fibers to gene ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... In the parallel decision-making circuits, humans and animals select actions in various situations. The abilities to anticipate and store outcomes of options in any situation are crucial. Despites its importance in action learning, decision processes and neural substrates involved in various situatio ...
... In the parallel decision-making circuits, humans and animals select actions in various situations. The abilities to anticipate and store outcomes of options in any situation are crucial. Despites its importance in action learning, decision processes and neural substrates involved in various situatio ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... frequency, it was briefly retrained at half that spatial frequency to eliminate any potential “side bias.” Then, testing resumed at the spatial frequency below the original failure. The threshold for visual acuity was established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thr ...
... frequency, it was briefly retrained at half that spatial frequency to eliminate any potential “side bias.” Then, testing resumed at the spatial frequency below the original failure. The threshold for visual acuity was established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thr ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
2011 - Università degli studi di Pavia
... “It seems obvious to me to consider the cells, whose prolongations go directly to form a nervous fibre, as organs with a direct influence on peripheral parts; they would likely be organs connected with motor activity. The other cells, about which I am sure to exclude a direct connection with the fib ...
... “It seems obvious to me to consider the cells, whose prolongations go directly to form a nervous fibre, as organs with a direct influence on peripheral parts; they would likely be organs connected with motor activity. The other cells, about which I am sure to exclude a direct connection with the fib ...
mecp2 and the epigenetic regulation of excitatory synaptic
... conditional knockout approach, we found that these effects were not due to the loss of MeCP2 during neurodevelopment and that they were primarily due to a deficiency in presynaptic vesicle release. We further extended these findings by looking at two mechanisms for controlling the repression of gene ...
... conditional knockout approach, we found that these effects were not due to the loss of MeCP2 during neurodevelopment and that they were primarily due to a deficiency in presynaptic vesicle release. We further extended these findings by looking at two mechanisms for controlling the repression of gene ...
Associative learning signals in the brain
... (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978), more recent theories have suggested that spatial information is one particularly striking example of a more general category of relational information that is highly dependent on the hippocampus (Eichenbaum and Cohen, 2001). Early studies done by Wilson and Mcnaughton (199 ...
... (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978), more recent theories have suggested that spatial information is one particularly striking example of a more general category of relational information that is highly dependent on the hippocampus (Eichenbaum and Cohen, 2001). Early studies done by Wilson and Mcnaughton (199 ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... Herrel et al., 2001; Langenbach and Van Eijden, 2001; Wainwright, 2002; though see Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleter ...
... Herrel et al., 2001; Langenbach and Van Eijden, 2001; Wainwright, 2002; though see Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleter ...
The Nervous System
... All-or-none law Neurons are either on or off Resting State Negative electric charge within the neuron ...
... All-or-none law Neurons are either on or off Resting State Negative electric charge within the neuron ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... Fig. 3. The representative images of TRM and control hippocampus showing DAB‑stained SST. (A) The distribution of SST is observed in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and the hilus. Two each of the representative neurons which have positive or negative immuno‑signals was pointed out by arrow and arrowheads respe ...
... Fig. 3. The representative images of TRM and control hippocampus showing DAB‑stained SST. (A) The distribution of SST is observed in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and the hilus. Two each of the representative neurons which have positive or negative immuno‑signals was pointed out by arrow and arrowheads respe ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... codes (SNARC) effect. Participants are asked to judge whether a number is even or odd. Responses to larger numbers are faster on the right side of space whereas those for smaller numbers are faster on the left side. The graph represents the response-time difference between right-hand and left-hand k ...
... codes (SNARC) effect. Participants are asked to judge whether a number is even or odd. Responses to larger numbers are faster on the right side of space whereas those for smaller numbers are faster on the left side. The graph represents the response-time difference between right-hand and left-hand k ...
Here is a link
... accentuated by thicker lines. Figure 2.5 shows active excitatory and inhibitory synapses, either close to the surface or located in the depth. As described elsewhere, the activation of an excitatory synapse leads to a net inward flow of cations. If this statement is applied to Figure 2.5A1, then it ...
... accentuated by thicker lines. Figure 2.5 shows active excitatory and inhibitory synapses, either close to the surface or located in the depth. As described elsewhere, the activation of an excitatory synapse leads to a net inward flow of cations. If this statement is applied to Figure 2.5A1, then it ...
Full Text - Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard
... projection neurons, often located in distinct subdivisions of the canonical cortical laminae. ...
... projection neurons, often located in distinct subdivisions of the canonical cortical laminae. ...
Reduced BOLD response to periodic visual stimulation
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... neurons. Some cells were not affected by eye movements, while others showed dramatic changes just after eye movements. We first asked whether this tendency was related to cell type. The LGN contains at least two processing streams: the parvocellular system, whose neurons have small receptive fields ...
... neurons. Some cells were not affected by eye movements, while others showed dramatic changes just after eye movements. We first asked whether this tendency was related to cell type. The LGN contains at least two processing streams: the parvocellular system, whose neurons have small receptive fields ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for examp ...
... of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for examp ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... At present, ADHD researchers recognise the limitations of existing diagnostic criteria in providing clues to neurobiological mechanisms. The identification of key domains of cognitive functioning is important for establishing endophenotypes that are more refined than those defined by existing diagnosti ...
... At present, ADHD researchers recognise the limitations of existing diagnostic criteria in providing clues to neurobiological mechanisms. The identification of key domains of cognitive functioning is important for establishing endophenotypes that are more refined than those defined by existing diagnosti ...
Analyzing Neural Responses to Natural Signals: Maximally
... are relevant for setting the probability of generating a single spike at one moment in time. From an information-theoretic point of view, asking for stimulus features that capture the mutual information between the stimulus and the arrival times of single spikes is a well-posed question even if succ ...
... are relevant for setting the probability of generating a single spike at one moment in time. From an information-theoretic point of view, asking for stimulus features that capture the mutual information between the stimulus and the arrival times of single spikes is a well-posed question even if succ ...
- White Rose Research Online
... of behavioral coherence which he places at the centre of the problem of autonomous agent design. As robots have become more complex, they have naturally gained an increasing variety of actuator sub-systems, many of which can act in parallel. Controlling robots therefore requires the co-ordination, i ...
... of behavioral coherence which he places at the centre of the problem of autonomous agent design. As robots have become more complex, they have naturally gained an increasing variety of actuator sub-systems, many of which can act in parallel. Controlling robots therefore requires the co-ordination, i ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... learning session, neurons in frontal cortex change their responses (Chen and Wise 1996; Asaad et al 1998; Yotsumoto et al 2008 and 2009). Are these learning effects in frontal cortex associated with altered attentional response modulation in visual cortex? In the present study we recorded from area ...
... learning session, neurons in frontal cortex change their responses (Chen and Wise 1996; Asaad et al 1998; Yotsumoto et al 2008 and 2009). Are these learning effects in frontal cortex associated with altered attentional response modulation in visual cortex? In the present study we recorded from area ...
Forced moves or good tricks in design space? Landmarks in the
... of behavioral coherence which he places at the centre of the problem of autonomous agent design. As robots have become more complex, they have naturally gained an increasing variety of actuator sub-systems, many of which can act in parallel. Controlling robots therefore requires the co-ordination, i ...
... of behavioral coherence which he places at the centre of the problem of autonomous agent design. As robots have become more complex, they have naturally gained an increasing variety of actuator sub-systems, many of which can act in parallel. Controlling robots therefore requires the co-ordination, i ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.