Gene Dosage in the Dysbindin Schizophrenia Susceptibility
... Materials and Methods Drosophila stocks, rearing, genetics, and electrophysiology. All fly stocks were reared and maintained at 25°C on normal media. For crosses, standard second and third chromosome balancers were used. dysb 1, UASDysb, UAS-Venus-dysbindin, dysbrv, and dysbDf were obtained from Gra ...
... Materials and Methods Drosophila stocks, rearing, genetics, and electrophysiology. All fly stocks were reared and maintained at 25°C on normal media. For crosses, standard second and third chromosome balancers were used. dysb 1, UASDysb, UAS-Venus-dysbindin, dysbrv, and dysbDf were obtained from Gra ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Where information has been derived from other sources, this has been indicated. ...
... Where information has been derived from other sources, this has been indicated. ...
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... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
... LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
Spinal Cord Motor Activity
... The remaining 10% are on the soma, which have the highest priority. The unitary EPSP at a single synapse is about 0.2 mV in amplitude. Depending on the MN, sufficient of these must be activated to cause a depolarization of 5-10 mV at the axon hillock and thereby evoke an AP. b. Temporal summation re ...
... The remaining 10% are on the soma, which have the highest priority. The unitary EPSP at a single synapse is about 0.2 mV in amplitude. Depending on the MN, sufficient of these must be activated to cause a depolarization of 5-10 mV at the axon hillock and thereby evoke an AP. b. Temporal summation re ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX Hans-Otto Karnath One of the mysteries of the brain is the role of superior temporal cortex. Recent data have shed new light on the function of this area, supporting the idea that the rostral part of the superior temporal cortex acts as an interface between ...
... FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX Hans-Otto Karnath One of the mysteries of the brain is the role of superior temporal cortex. Recent data have shed new light on the function of this area, supporting the idea that the rostral part of the superior temporal cortex acts as an interface between ...
The Involvement of Recurrent Connections in Area CA3 in
... orientation. We achieve this by multiplying together gaussian tuning curves, each of which is tied to the location of a different cue and peaks at the preferred location of the cell. We assume that these individual tuning curves can have different variances. In cases in which the environment has wal ...
... orientation. We achieve this by multiplying together gaussian tuning curves, each of which is tied to the location of a different cue and peaks at the preferred location of the cell. We assume that these individual tuning curves can have different variances. In cases in which the environment has wal ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... aid of highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which is abundantly expressed in the developing brain, as well as in brain areas that undergo continuous remodeling. The major findings of these studies were: 1A) The distribution of calcium-binding proteins largely followed the ...
... aid of highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which is abundantly expressed in the developing brain, as well as in brain areas that undergo continuous remodeling. The major findings of these studies were: 1A) The distribution of calcium-binding proteins largely followed the ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
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... D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside. Answer: C Topic: 28.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Action potentials normally travel along an axon A) toward the cell body. B) away from the cell body. C) either towards or away from the cell body D) away from the synaps ...
... D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside. Answer: C Topic: 28.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Action potentials normally travel along an axon A) toward the cell body. B) away from the cell body. C) either towards or away from the cell body D) away from the synaps ...
File
... D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside. Answer: C Topic: 28.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Action potentials normally travel along an axon A) toward the cell body. B) away from the cell body. C) either towards or away from the cell body D) away from the synaps ...
... D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside. Answer: C Topic: 28.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Action potentials normally travel along an axon A) toward the cell body. B) away from the cell body. C) either towards or away from the cell body D) away from the synaps ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
Amelioration of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampus by
... The initiating event that leadsto DND of the hippocampus is possiblyneural excitation causedby glutamateand subsequent calcium influx into the cell (Nadler et al., 1978; Gill et al., 1987; Barnes, 1988a;Choi and Rothman, 1990).However, this mechanism cannot fully explain why the development of DND i ...
... The initiating event that leadsto DND of the hippocampus is possiblyneural excitation causedby glutamateand subsequent calcium influx into the cell (Nadler et al., 1978; Gill et al., 1987; Barnes, 1988a;Choi and Rothman, 1990).However, this mechanism cannot fully explain why the development of DND i ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... to abnormal muscle tone such as spasticity (a velocity dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch which causes exaggerated tendon reflexes called hyper reflexia). There are several causes of spasticity associated with the muscle spindle. First, overactive gamma motor neuron input or increas ...
... to abnormal muscle tone such as spasticity (a velocity dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch which causes exaggerated tendon reflexes called hyper reflexia). There are several causes of spasticity associated with the muscle spindle. First, overactive gamma motor neuron input or increas ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... would be treated as if it were the food itself and the animal would attempt to consume it. Intriguingly this type of behavior has been observed in some instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by dis ...
... would be treated as if it were the food itself and the animal would attempt to consume it. Intriguingly this type of behavior has been observed in some instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by dis ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by walls, hillsides, and other topographical features, which can b ...
... hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by walls, hillsides, and other topographical features, which can b ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
Topical Review
... sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons are in fact not neuron- or sprouting-specific: GAP43 is found in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and is induced i ...
... sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons are in fact not neuron- or sprouting-specific: GAP43 is found in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and is induced i ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... it is well known that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites cerebral cortex in an orientationselective manner, a neurophysiologically compelling explanation of this phenomenon has been lacking. It is generally presumed that TMS-induced excitation is mediated by horizontal fibers in the cort ...
... it is well known that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites cerebral cortex in an orientationselective manner, a neurophysiologically compelling explanation of this phenomenon has been lacking. It is generally presumed that TMS-induced excitation is mediated by horizontal fibers in the cort ...
Is the Lateral Septum's Inhibitory Influence on the Amygdala Mediated... GABA-ergic Neurons? Mason Austin
... experiments, as well as its variants, researchers seek to isolate the contribution of each structure, and the role of pharmacology, in anxiety. These tests are popular because they rely on conditioning methods that have been verified for over a century. They also allow for flexibility in terms of th ...
... experiments, as well as its variants, researchers seek to isolate the contribution of each structure, and the role of pharmacology, in anxiety. These tests are popular because they rely on conditioning methods that have been verified for over a century. They also allow for flexibility in terms of th ...
Isoforms of the human histamine H receptor
... the human body, such as allergic responses, acid gastric secretion, synaptic transmission modulation and immune response, by activation of 4 calcitonin gene related peptide (GPCR) subtypes1-5: H1, H2, H3 and H4. In the central nervous system (CNS), there is a group of histaminergic neurons (64,000 c ...
... the human body, such as allergic responses, acid gastric secretion, synaptic transmission modulation and immune response, by activation of 4 calcitonin gene related peptide (GPCR) subtypes1-5: H1, H2, H3 and H4. In the central nervous system (CNS), there is a group of histaminergic neurons (64,000 c ...
Berridge, K.C.Brain reward systems for food incentives and
... forebrain and brainstem (Berridge, 2003; Kelley et al., 2005a; Levine and Billington, 2004; Peciña and Berridge, 2005; Smith and Berridge, 2005). These sites include nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and possibly amygdala and even limbic cortical sites, and also deep brainstem sites including the ...
... forebrain and brainstem (Berridge, 2003; Kelley et al., 2005a; Levine and Billington, 2004; Peciña and Berridge, 2005; Smith and Berridge, 2005). These sites include nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and possibly amygdala and even limbic cortical sites, and also deep brainstem sites including the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.