Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... that the channels serve to actively dampen back-propagation of somatic sodium spikes. In more distal dendrites, potassium currents were activated by voltage waveforms taken from climbing fiber responses, suggesting that they help shape these responses as well. The requirement for large depolarizatio ...
... that the channels serve to actively dampen back-propagation of somatic sodium spikes. In more distal dendrites, potassium currents were activated by voltage waveforms taken from climbing fiber responses, suggesting that they help shape these responses as well. The requirement for large depolarizatio ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... coincides with the injection of LiC1 (US), or even when the US precedes the CS by 5 to 10 rain. In other words, when the US precedes the CS more than 10 min. no reliable CTAs can be formed. Comparison of such mterstimulus interval effects on CTA acqmsition together with the aforementioned latency of ...
... coincides with the injection of LiC1 (US), or even when the US precedes the CS by 5 to 10 rain. In other words, when the US precedes the CS more than 10 min. no reliable CTAs can be formed. Comparison of such mterstimulus interval effects on CTA acqmsition together with the aforementioned latency of ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... kept the same as the normal state). These updates reflect changes in strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg e ...
... kept the same as the normal state). These updates reflect changes in strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg e ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost their appeal after Olds & Milner (53) observed that rats could be trained using mild electrical stimulation to areas of the lateral hypothalamus. Rats could be taught to lever-press for brai ...
... predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost their appeal after Olds & Milner (53) observed that rats could be trained using mild electrical stimulation to areas of the lateral hypothalamus. Rats could be taught to lever-press for brai ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Supplementary Information (doc 2155K)
... indicating that numerically modest structural projections can support robust functional connectivity36. This is in accord with other kinds of evidence demonstrating that modest structural projections can have profound consequences for brain function. For example, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) les ...
... indicating that numerically modest structural projections can support robust functional connectivity36. This is in accord with other kinds of evidence demonstrating that modest structural projections can have profound consequences for brain function. For example, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) les ...
Sample
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... pleasant and unpleasant odours in areas of the human brain that receive olfactory inputs, including in particular the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and subgenual cingulate cortex, as these areas are implicated in affect (Rolls, 1999). An additional aim is to investigate brain areas involve ...
... pleasant and unpleasant odours in areas of the human brain that receive olfactory inputs, including in particular the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and subgenual cingulate cortex, as these areas are implicated in affect (Rolls, 1999). An additional aim is to investigate brain areas involve ...
Organization of a Vertebrate Cardiac Ganglion: A Correlated
... from 4 animals were rapidly dissected in cold physiological saline, blotted. and weighed. The tissue was homoaenized in 100-300 volumes of O.l’N HCl, boiled for 10 min and centrifuged. The supematant was immediately frozen and stored at -70°C; samples were subsequently lyophilized and analyzed. All ...
... from 4 animals were rapidly dissected in cold physiological saline, blotted. and weighed. The tissue was homoaenized in 100-300 volumes of O.l’N HCl, boiled for 10 min and centrifuged. The supematant was immediately frozen and stored at -70°C; samples were subsequently lyophilized and analyzed. All ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... subthreshold microstimulation of the FEF enhanced visual responses in V4 neurons at retinotopically corresponding locations, whereas responses at other locations were suppressed. Interestingly, both the enhancement and suppression effects depended on the presence of additional ‘distracter’ stimuli o ...
... subthreshold microstimulation of the FEF enhanced visual responses in V4 neurons at retinotopically corresponding locations, whereas responses at other locations were suppressed. Interestingly, both the enhancement and suppression effects depended on the presence of additional ‘distracter’ stimuli o ...
Mapping the Brain
... STG neurons switch their activity between the two rhythms19, and the separation of the STG’s connectivity into two discrete circuits, although convenient for those who study the network, does not really capture the highly interconnected reality of the ganglion’s architecture. Like all nervous system ...
... STG neurons switch their activity between the two rhythms19, and the separation of the STG’s connectivity into two discrete circuits, although convenient for those who study the network, does not really capture the highly interconnected reality of the ganglion’s architecture. Like all nervous system ...
Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
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... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
Introduction to Neural Networks "Energy" and attractor networks
... parameters in the problem with biases rather than weights.) The updating for the Hopfield net is asynchronous--neurons are updated in random order at random times. This can be contrasted with synchronous updating in which one computes the output of the net for all of the values at time t+1 from the ...
... parameters in the problem with biases rather than weights.) The updating for the Hopfield net is asynchronous--neurons are updated in random order at random times. This can be contrasted with synchronous updating in which one computes the output of the net for all of the values at time t+1 from the ...
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies
... the loss of behavioural inhibition resulting from impairment of SHS function causes a failure to suppress storage or recall of incorrect alternatives rather than, as is normally assumed, a failure to store or recall correct alternatives.) The most important development of the last 15 years or so has ...
... the loss of behavioural inhibition resulting from impairment of SHS function causes a failure to suppress storage or recall of incorrect alternatives rather than, as is normally assumed, a failure to store or recall correct alternatives.) The most important development of the last 15 years or so has ...
http://www.utdallas.edu/~tres/papers/Disterhoftetal1994.pdf
... underlying aging-related changes in the brain, including normal age-associated memory impairments as well as more severe dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease. The pivotal role of calcium in so many neuronal processes dictates the need for precise regulation of its intracellular levels. Any dysre ...
... underlying aging-related changes in the brain, including normal age-associated memory impairments as well as more severe dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease. The pivotal role of calcium in so many neuronal processes dictates the need for precise regulation of its intracellular levels. Any dysre ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
The Calcium Rationale in Aging and Alzheimer`s Disease
... underlying aging-related changes in the brain, including normal age-associated memory impairments as well as more severe dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease. The pivotal role of calcium in so many neuronal processes dictates the need for precise regulation of its intracellular levels. Any dysre ...
... underlying aging-related changes in the brain, including normal age-associated memory impairments as well as more severe dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease. The pivotal role of calcium in so many neuronal processes dictates the need for precise regulation of its intracellular levels. Any dysre ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... generated by two single-compartment neurons: one providing excitation timed relative to stimulus onset (onset-evoked) and the other providing excitation timed relative to stimulus offset (offset-evoked). Neurons with transient, onset-evoked responses are found throughout the central auditory pathway ...
... generated by two single-compartment neurons: one providing excitation timed relative to stimulus onset (onset-evoked) and the other providing excitation timed relative to stimulus offset (offset-evoked). Neurons with transient, onset-evoked responses are found throughout the central auditory pathway ...
Glucocorticoids Enhance the Excitability of Principal Basolateral
... (for review, see McDonald, 1992). Most BLA neurons are glutamatergic projection cells, and a minority of them are GABAergic local-circuit neurons with generally smaller somata (McDonald, 1985). Thus, by chance alone, our sample of BLA neurons should mainly comprise projection (principal) neurons. Ne ...
... (for review, see McDonald, 1992). Most BLA neurons are glutamatergic projection cells, and a minority of them are GABAergic local-circuit neurons with generally smaller somata (McDonald, 1985). Thus, by chance alone, our sample of BLA neurons should mainly comprise projection (principal) neurons. Ne ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... task [19], presentation of a colorful and dynamic periodic mapping stimulus [11], and a variation of the memoryguided saccade task originally used by Sereno and colleagues [20,21] to characterize topographic organization of responses in human PPC. To date, seven topographically organized parietal ar ...
... task [19], presentation of a colorful and dynamic periodic mapping stimulus [11], and a variation of the memoryguided saccade task originally used by Sereno and colleagues [20,21] to characterize topographic organization of responses in human PPC. To date, seven topographically organized parietal ar ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... Abstract—Hippocampal functioning, in the form of theta band oscillation, has been shown to modulate and predict cerebellar learning of which rabbit eyeblink conditioning is perhaps the most well-known example. The contribution of hippocampal neural activity to cerebellar learning is only possible if ...
... Abstract—Hippocampal functioning, in the form of theta band oscillation, has been shown to modulate and predict cerebellar learning of which rabbit eyeblink conditioning is perhaps the most well-known example. The contribution of hippocampal neural activity to cerebellar learning is only possible if ...
connections of the cerebral cortex
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
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... Chronic stress induces dendritic atrophy in the inferior colliculus (IC, auditory mesencephalon) and impairs auditory avoidance conditioning. The aim of this study was to determine in Golgi preparations and in cued fear conditioning whether stress affects other auditory components, like the thalamic ...
... Chronic stress induces dendritic atrophy in the inferior colliculus (IC, auditory mesencephalon) and impairs auditory avoidance conditioning. The aim of this study was to determine in Golgi preparations and in cued fear conditioning whether stress affects other auditory components, like the thalamic ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.