The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... increase expression in the ARC (111). These changes are reversed by either testosterone or estradiol replacement (111, 112). Studies in other species have corroborated the effects of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression (46, 74, 95, 103, 110). In the sheep, the ARC kisspeptin neurons mediate both t ...
... increase expression in the ARC (111). These changes are reversed by either testosterone or estradiol replacement (111, 112). Studies in other species have corroborated the effects of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression (46, 74, 95, 103, 110). In the sheep, the ARC kisspeptin neurons mediate both t ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
Oscillatory phase coupling coordinates
... Fig. 1. Patterns of oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas coordinate anatomically dispersed neuronal cell assemblies (schematic). (A–D) Hypothesis 1: Spike timing in single neurons depends on frequency-specific oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas. (A) Spiking in o ...
... Fig. 1. Patterns of oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas coordinate anatomically dispersed neuronal cell assemblies (schematic). (A–D) Hypothesis 1: Spike timing in single neurons depends on frequency-specific oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas. (A) Spiking in o ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
Bioelectric Phenomena
... With an alert and trained mind, Galvani designed an extended series of experiments to resolve the cause of the mystifying muscle behavior. On repeating the experiments, he found that touching the muscle with a metallic object while the specimen lay on a metal plate provided the condition that result ...
... With an alert and trained mind, Galvani designed an extended series of experiments to resolve the cause of the mystifying muscle behavior. On repeating the experiments, he found that touching the muscle with a metallic object while the specimen lay on a metal plate provided the condition that result ...
Central Nervous System
... If enough neurotransmitter is released, graded potential will be generated Eventually an action potential (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse ...
... If enough neurotransmitter is released, graded potential will be generated Eventually an action potential (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse ...
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... preferable to an action that leads to the same outcome but with only 10% chance. What about a choice between actions that lead to different rewards? When comparing the worth of qualitatively different outcomes such as food and water, the motivational state of the animal must come into consideration ...
... preferable to an action that leads to the same outcome but with only 10% chance. What about a choice between actions that lead to different rewards? When comparing the worth of qualitatively different outcomes such as food and water, the motivational state of the animal must come into consideration ...
Research in Mammalian Mastication1
... Figure 1 depicts a proposed hypothetical next subroutine. It should be noted that model for the mammalian masticatory the program selector determines the actual CPG. This model is modified from one order (sequence) in which each motor subprovided by Tatton and Bruce for loco- routine occurs, however ...
... Figure 1 depicts a proposed hypothetical next subroutine. It should be noted that model for the mammalian masticatory the program selector determines the actual CPG. This model is modified from one order (sequence) in which each motor subprovided by Tatton and Bruce for loco- routine occurs, however ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... options available for choice in different situations can vary on a multitude of dimensions. For example, different flavors of ice cream evoke different sensory sensations and may be consumed immediately; different houses may vary for their price, their size, the school district, and the distance from ...
... options available for choice in different situations can vary on a multitude of dimensions. For example, different flavors of ice cream evoke different sensory sensations and may be consumed immediately; different houses may vary for their price, their size, the school district, and the distance from ...
FREE Sample Here
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... Chun and Shatz 1988b; Ghosh et al., 1990a). Kainic acid was diluted (10 mg/ml) in 0.9% sterile saline and used within 2 hours. In some cases, fluorescent latex microspheres (Lumafluor, NY) were added to the kainic acid solution (at a ratio of 1:9, microspheres: kainic acid) to mark the injection sit ...
... Chun and Shatz 1988b; Ghosh et al., 1990a). Kainic acid was diluted (10 mg/ml) in 0.9% sterile saline and used within 2 hours. In some cases, fluorescent latex microspheres (Lumafluor, NY) were added to the kainic acid solution (at a ratio of 1:9, microspheres: kainic acid) to mark the injection sit ...
Possible Links among Mirror Neurons and Genes
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model
... model of this disease, axon pathology appeared to be dying back, with intact proximal axons and absent neuromuscular junctions. This histopathology raised the possibility that some axonal branches are spared during the disease whereas others degenerate. We sought to understand how loss and growth oc ...
... model of this disease, axon pathology appeared to be dying back, with intact proximal axons and absent neuromuscular junctions. This histopathology raised the possibility that some axonal branches are spared during the disease whereas others degenerate. We sought to understand how loss and growth oc ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... enhanced responses to cutaneous mechanical stimuli and increased background activity after intradermal capsaicin injection (Dougherty and Willis 1992; Simone et al. 1991). Central nervous system changes, termed central sensitization, are believed to underlie capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia ...
... enhanced responses to cutaneous mechanical stimuli and increased background activity after intradermal capsaicin injection (Dougherty and Willis 1992; Simone et al. 1991). Central nervous system changes, termed central sensitization, are believed to underlie capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... It has two regions: the pons and the medulla oblongata. Each region regulates information flow between the brain and the rest of the body. Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing are controlled in the brain stem. Slide 44 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... It has two regions: the pons and the medulla oblongata. Each region regulates information flow between the brain and the rest of the body. Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing are controlled in the brain stem. Slide 44 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
PDF
... and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and with predominant flexor activity in limb muscles (Landis and Hunt, 1939). This pattern of muscle activity is altered radically when a startling auditory stimulus is applied before, or coincident with, a prepared voluntary action (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; MacKinnon e ...
... and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and with predominant flexor activity in limb muscles (Landis and Hunt, 1939). This pattern of muscle activity is altered radically when a startling auditory stimulus is applied before, or coincident with, a prepared voluntary action (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; MacKinnon e ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... in layer V. This view, if true, would invalidate a great deal of dACC neurophysiology. By Vogt’s schema, then, the dorsal CMA is misnamed; it is not a cingulate motor area but, instead, is part of area 6. However, one problem with this classification is that the CMAs have seemingly clear human homol ...
... in layer V. This view, if true, would invalidate a great deal of dACC neurophysiology. By Vogt’s schema, then, the dorsal CMA is misnamed; it is not a cingulate motor area but, instead, is part of area 6. However, one problem with this classification is that the CMAs have seemingly clear human homol ...
Muscular System
... o Neurotransmitters are stored in membrane-bound vesicles of the nerve ending (axon terminal), each containing thousands of neurotransmitter molecules. o When an impulse moves along the axon and arrives at the axon terminal, these vesicles migrate to the membrane in the gap and release their neurot ...
... o Neurotransmitters are stored in membrane-bound vesicles of the nerve ending (axon terminal), each containing thousands of neurotransmitter molecules. o When an impulse moves along the axon and arrives at the axon terminal, these vesicles migrate to the membrane in the gap and release their neurot ...
Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Hippocampal
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... have been the salient questions driving SEF research in the past decade. The mystery is whether the SEF does something important even if it is unconcerned with the details of making individual movements. From the first studies of Schlag and Schlag-Rey it was recognized that the SEF might play a spec ...
... have been the salient questions driving SEF research in the past decade. The mystery is whether the SEF does something important even if it is unconcerned with the details of making individual movements. From the first studies of Schlag and Schlag-Rey it was recognized that the SEF might play a spec ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... The primary purpose of this research was to contribute to ongoing behavioral and electrophysiological research examining the role of the olfactory tubercle (OT) in odor object representation in rodents. Three experiments were conducted. First, procedures for establishing a successive-cue go/no-go od ...
... The primary purpose of this research was to contribute to ongoing behavioral and electrophysiological research examining the role of the olfactory tubercle (OT) in odor object representation in rodents. Three experiments were conducted. First, procedures for establishing a successive-cue go/no-go od ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... (eg, mental arithmetic, stress, opening eyes, any form of sensory stimulation). Then become replaced with irregular low voltage activity. Desynchronization as it represents breakup of synchronized neuronal activity. An abnormal exception is alpha coma, most often caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalo ...
... (eg, mental arithmetic, stress, opening eyes, any form of sensory stimulation). Then become replaced with irregular low voltage activity. Desynchronization as it represents breakup of synchronized neuronal activity. An abnormal exception is alpha coma, most often caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalo ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.