Copyright 1984 by Desav, Paul Henri All Rights Reserved
... not describe a lateral branch. The axon also gives off collaterals which ramify within the cortical area of origin. In the molecular layer of the medial cortex Ramon described three types of cells. The first was a small stellate cell with straight radiate dendrites and a very short, varicose axon. T ...
... not describe a lateral branch. The axon also gives off collaterals which ramify within the cortical area of origin. In the molecular layer of the medial cortex Ramon described three types of cells. The first was a small stellate cell with straight radiate dendrites and a very short, varicose axon. T ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... 3092 N. Dahmane and A. Ruiz i Altaba overall and that of Gli2 was weak in the PL (Fig. 1F and not shown; Millen et al., 1995). Expression of Zic1-3 was found at high levels in the IGL, as previously reported (Aruga et al., 1996), but also in EGL cells (Fig. 1G, and not shown). Within the EGL, diffe ...
... 3092 N. Dahmane and A. Ruiz i Altaba overall and that of Gli2 was weak in the PL (Fig. 1F and not shown; Millen et al., 1995). Expression of Zic1-3 was found at high levels in the IGL, as previously reported (Aruga et al., 1996), but also in EGL cells (Fig. 1G, and not shown). Within the EGL, diffe ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... aqueous 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, pH 2.3; and (3) an isocratic elution with 12% acetonitrile in 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 4.5. In each case. the HPLC was run at 1 ml/min. with 30 min gradients. Fractions of 1 ml were collected except for 2 ‘ml before andafter the proctolin peak, when 500 ~1 fracti ...
... aqueous 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, pH 2.3; and (3) an isocratic elution with 12% acetonitrile in 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 4.5. In each case. the HPLC was run at 1 ml/min. with 30 min gradients. Fractions of 1 ml were collected except for 2 ‘ml before andafter the proctolin peak, when 500 ~1 fracti ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... of somatization. Avoidance symptoms include avoiding reminders of the experience, feeling emotionally numb, losing interest in previously enjoyable activities and deficits in learning and memory. These symptoms might cause a person to change his or her personal routine. Finally, hyperarousal symptom ...
... of somatization. Avoidance symptoms include avoiding reminders of the experience, feeling emotionally numb, losing interest in previously enjoyable activities and deficits in learning and memory. These symptoms might cause a person to change his or her personal routine. Finally, hyperarousal symptom ...
Background - Harvard University
... increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as a common interpretation has it, “rewards make you come back for more.” This definition comes close to the idea of instrumental conditioning, in that you get a reward for having done somethi ...
... increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as a common interpretation has it, “rewards make you come back for more.” This definition comes close to the idea of instrumental conditioning, in that you get a reward for having done somethi ...
Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex
... and constraints are refined, which we do not attempt here. The numeric prediction construct and its learning signal are at the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error pr ...
... and constraints are refined, which we do not attempt here. The numeric prediction construct and its learning signal are at the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error pr ...
Chapter 13 Stress and Glucocorticoid Contributions to Normal and
... dependent task performance in rodents [60, 66]. Studies in humans also support a link between high circulating GC levels and poor learning and memory, although these impairments are not specific to hippocampal function. However, two studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that GC receptors are e ...
... dependent task performance in rodents [60, 66]. Studies in humans also support a link between high circulating GC levels and poor learning and memory, although these impairments are not specific to hippocampal function. However, two studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that GC receptors are e ...
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
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... cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bachy and Retaux, 2006; Du et al., 2008; Fragkouli et al., 2005; Lavdas et al., 1999; Liodis et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2000; Mori et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2003). During em ...
... cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bachy and Retaux, 2006; Du et al., 2008; Fragkouli et al., 2005; Lavdas et al., 1999; Liodis et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2000; Mori et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2003). During em ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... mounted on the camera adapter (Olympus VANOX) or TV-tine adapter (Zeiss IM-35). An opaque mask with a small centrally located pinhole was inserted in the camera reticle carrier to limit detected fluorescence to a 50-rm-diameter spot in the object plane. In some experiments, a rectangular 100 x 120 w ...
... mounted on the camera adapter (Olympus VANOX) or TV-tine adapter (Zeiss IM-35). An opaque mask with a small centrally located pinhole was inserted in the camera reticle carrier to limit detected fluorescence to a 50-rm-diameter spot in the object plane. In some experiments, a rectangular 100 x 120 w ...
Stephen Hawking
... spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an important part of the body’s neuromuscular system. Over time, ALS causes these motor neurons to ...
... spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an important part of the body’s neuromuscular system. Over time, ALS causes these motor neurons to ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... The prefrontal cortex is located rostral to the motor and premotor cortices. It is also called the frontal association cortex or the frontal granular cortex, referring to its functional and structural attributes, respectively. Like the rest of the cortex, it has been subdivided qualitatively into sm ...
... The prefrontal cortex is located rostral to the motor and premotor cortices. It is also called the frontal association cortex or the frontal granular cortex, referring to its functional and structural attributes, respectively. Like the rest of the cortex, it has been subdivided qualitatively into sm ...
3D Visual Response Properties of MSTd Emerge from an Efficient
... Using a dimensionality reduction technique known as non-negative matrix factorization, we found that a variety of medial superior temporal (MSTd) neural response properties could be derived from MT-like input features. The responses that emerge from this technique, such as 3D translation and rotatio ...
... Using a dimensionality reduction technique known as non-negative matrix factorization, we found that a variety of medial superior temporal (MSTd) neural response properties could be derived from MT-like input features. The responses that emerge from this technique, such as 3D translation and rotatio ...
The Neuropsychopharmacology of Stimulants
... amphetamine optical isomers (Glaser et al. 2005). In these studies, preparations with Lamphetamine evoked faster DA rise times and signal decay times compared to Damphetamine. Additionally, data collected by our group showed greater amplitudes and longer DA response signal kinetics following local a ...
... amphetamine optical isomers (Glaser et al. 2005). In these studies, preparations with Lamphetamine evoked faster DA rise times and signal decay times compared to Damphetamine. Additionally, data collected by our group showed greater amplitudes and longer DA response signal kinetics following local a ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 33. A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to: a. manufacture more mitochondria. b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
... 33. A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to: a. manufacture more mitochondria. b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy With Spontaneous
... Swiss Wistar mice (20 –30 g, n ⫽ 60; Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary) were housed two per plastic cage (8) on a 12-h light/dark cycle, with food and water available ad libitum. Mice were assigned randomly to either a diabetic or control group, and diabetes was initiated by three con ...
... Swiss Wistar mice (20 –30 g, n ⫽ 60; Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary) were housed two per plastic cage (8) on a 12-h light/dark cycle, with food and water available ad libitum. Mice were assigned randomly to either a diabetic or control group, and diabetes was initiated by three con ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... persistent OD shifts. This enhancement of plasticity was highly specific, as it was only observed for repeated deprivation of the same eye, indicating that a lasting trace was established in cortical connections by the initial experience. In Chapter 4, I explored OD plasticity in greater detail by m ...
... persistent OD shifts. This enhancement of plasticity was highly specific, as it was only observed for repeated deprivation of the same eye, indicating that a lasting trace was established in cortical connections by the initial experience. In Chapter 4, I explored OD plasticity in greater detail by m ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... mechanisms for the first two, and we shall follow that flow of understanding in this review as well. The precise geometric arrangement of facets on the fly compound eye already hints at a mechanism for motion perception: Any object sweeping by a fly eye affects different facets in succession at slightly ...
... mechanisms for the first two, and we shall follow that flow of understanding in this review as well. The precise geometric arrangement of facets on the fly compound eye already hints at a mechanism for motion perception: Any object sweeping by a fly eye affects different facets in succession at slightly ...
Full text article
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
... rostral, 4.3 mm; lateral, 1.1 mm from bregma; and deep 1.1 mm from the dura. Because of the reduced brain size of PCD mice, the stereotaxic coordinates for the injections were first selected for control animals and thereafter transposed to the mutant mice. Thus, similar injection points were calcula ...
... rostral, 4.3 mm; lateral, 1.1 mm from bregma; and deep 1.1 mm from the dura. Because of the reduced brain size of PCD mice, the stereotaxic coordinates for the injections were first selected for control animals and thereafter transposed to the mutant mice. Thus, similar injection points were calcula ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... suffering from persistent pain often report with co-morbid anxiety disorders 1, and evidence suggests altered pain processing in patients suffering from anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder 17. Thus, studies investigating neuronal mechanisms in brain regions commonly implicated in ...
... suffering from persistent pain often report with co-morbid anxiety disorders 1, and evidence suggests altered pain processing in patients suffering from anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder 17. Thus, studies investigating neuronal mechanisms in brain regions commonly implicated in ...
Introduction to Electroencephalography (EEG)
... http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
... http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
Neural Mechanisms of Subclinical Depressive
... neurobiology of MDD risk and resilience, and thereby inform treatment and preventative intervention approaches [4,5]. The goal of the present pilot study was to investigate linkages between regional brain activation patterns and subclinical depressive symptoms while participants were engaged in emot ...
... neurobiology of MDD risk and resilience, and thereby inform treatment and preventative intervention approaches [4,5]. The goal of the present pilot study was to investigate linkages between regional brain activation patterns and subclinical depressive symptoms while participants were engaged in emot ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
A Symmetric Approach Elucidates Multisensory Information Integration
... processing may be more intrinsically integrative than previously thought [28]. In sum, the current broad consensus is that the multimodal model is widely diffused in the brain and that most, if not all, higher- as well as lower-level neural processes are in some form multisensory. Information from m ...
... processing may be more intrinsically integrative than previously thought [28]. In sum, the current broad consensus is that the multimodal model is widely diffused in the brain and that most, if not all, higher- as well as lower-level neural processes are in some form multisensory. Information from m ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.