ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachman, 1984; Grillon, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006; Lohr et al., 2007; J ...
... oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachman, 1984; Grillon, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006; Lohr et al., 2007; J ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... The S/R assumption has provided neuroscience with a rich quantitative framework to understand the relation between neuronal activity and behavior. The methodology employed to investigate the neuronal causes of behavior can be grossly recapitulated by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). Firs ...
... The S/R assumption has provided neuroscience with a rich quantitative framework to understand the relation between neuronal activity and behavior. The methodology employed to investigate the neuronal causes of behavior can be grossly recapitulated by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). Firs ...
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human
... given moment we could either lay down a distinctive memory trace to allow for subsequent retrieval, or we could retrieve memories that are related to the familiar components of an unfolding event. This conflict leads to certain crucial questions about the human memory system: Are we able to simultan ...
... given moment we could either lay down a distinctive memory trace to allow for subsequent retrieval, or we could retrieve memories that are related to the familiar components of an unfolding event. This conflict leads to certain crucial questions about the human memory system: Are we able to simultan ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
... and urine analyses, and examination of postmortem samples. Limited neuropathologic data have identified subtle differences in the morphology and organization of neurons in various brain regions of some autistic individuals that suggest prenatal or early postnatal maturational problems (Palmen et al ...
... and urine analyses, and examination of postmortem samples. Limited neuropathologic data have identified subtle differences in the morphology and organization of neurons in various brain regions of some autistic individuals that suggest prenatal or early postnatal maturational problems (Palmen et al ...
Organization of brainstem nuclei
... Following the original suggestion of Paxinos and Huang (1995), we also acknowledge that the radial arrangement of the human caudal hindbrain with reference to the fourth ventricle (as King, 1980, proposed for the cat) is more tenable than the “quilt” pattern proposed by Olszewski and Baxter (1954). ...
... Following the original suggestion of Paxinos and Huang (1995), we also acknowledge that the radial arrangement of the human caudal hindbrain with reference to the fourth ventricle (as King, 1980, proposed for the cat) is more tenable than the “quilt” pattern proposed by Olszewski and Baxter (1954). ...
Dopamine: the rewarding years
... brain. Less is known about the function of the different receptors and how the various dopamine pathways are organised to produce normal behaviour, which exhibits disruption in the disease states mentioned. In particular, we have very limited information as to why and how the dopamine system dies or ...
... brain. Less is known about the function of the different receptors and how the various dopamine pathways are organised to produce normal behaviour, which exhibits disruption in the disease states mentioned. In particular, we have very limited information as to why and how the dopamine system dies or ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... reexamine this process. The result, detailed in Chapter 2, was a new model that can accurately predict a neuron’s multisensory response on a moment-by-moment basis as it evolves, with only knowledge of its responses to the individual component cues. ...
... reexamine this process. The result, detailed in Chapter 2, was a new model that can accurately predict a neuron’s multisensory response on a moment-by-moment basis as it evolves, with only knowledge of its responses to the individual component cues. ...
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
... B) comes from cranialregions and sacral area of the cord C) neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine D) rest and digest division ...
... B) comes from cranialregions and sacral area of the cord C) neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine D) rest and digest division ...
Topic - We can offer most test bank and solution manual you need.
... 1. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic; somatic nervous systems c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles 2. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon ...
... 1. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic; somatic nervous systems c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles 2. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon ...
Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... edge of medical imaging technology. These packages implement hundreds of recent algorithms, such as linear and nonlinear spatial normalization, surface base registration, intensity nonuniformity correction, segmentation, and skull stripping, although the users of FreeSurfer and IBASPM can perform au ...
... edge of medical imaging technology. These packages implement hundreds of recent algorithms, such as linear and nonlinear spatial normalization, surface base registration, intensity nonuniformity correction, segmentation, and skull stripping, although the users of FreeSurfer and IBASPM can perform au ...
“left or right” Decision-making beyond
... motivated and constrained current models of decision-making. To date there is broad consent that the brain implements (time consuming) perceptual decisions with some sort of integration-to-threshold mechanism, where sensory evidence is accumulated over time until a decision criterion is reached. The ...
... motivated and constrained current models of decision-making. To date there is broad consent that the brain implements (time consuming) perceptual decisions with some sort of integration-to-threshold mechanism, where sensory evidence is accumulated over time until a decision criterion is reached. The ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
... a summary of our current understanding of the extensive mammalian literature. This then underpins the subsequent comparative survey of the other vertebrate groups, considered in turn from fish, through amphibians and reptiles to birds, in relation to our more thorough understanding of the mammalian ...
... a summary of our current understanding of the extensive mammalian literature. This then underpins the subsequent comparative survey of the other vertebrate groups, considered in turn from fish, through amphibians and reptiles to birds, in relation to our more thorough understanding of the mammalian ...
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Metabolic control of puberty
... contentious for years. In fact, initial RT-PCR analyses detected the expression of leptin receptor mRNA in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells (Magni et al., 1999), which might be suggestive of direct actions on GnRH neurons. Similarly, leptin was shown to elicit GnRH secretion in enzymatically-dispersed hyp ...
... contentious for years. In fact, initial RT-PCR analyses detected the expression of leptin receptor mRNA in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells (Magni et al., 1999), which might be suggestive of direct actions on GnRH neurons. Similarly, leptin was shown to elicit GnRH secretion in enzymatically-dispersed hyp ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression patterns are consistent with previous anti-PKD-2 antibody staini ...
... transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression patterns are consistent with previous anti-PKD-2 antibody staini ...
Neurobiological mechanisms of puberty in higher primates
... To date, ®ve NPY receptors have been cloned (Michel et al., 1998), and all are G-protein-coupled receptors that are linked to inhibitory pathways, which, upon activation, lead to membrane hyperpolarization (Sun et al., 1998). The hypothalamic NPY receptors that underlie the ability of NPY to arrest ...
... To date, ®ve NPY receptors have been cloned (Michel et al., 1998), and all are G-protein-coupled receptors that are linked to inhibitory pathways, which, upon activation, lead to membrane hyperpolarization (Sun et al., 1998). The hypothalamic NPY receptors that underlie the ability of NPY to arrest ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... The level of JNK activity in specific puc-positive neurons determines the architectural balance of the VNC The reduced architectural robustness of the VNC observed in puc could be the result of autonomous malfunction of the JNK pathway in the CNS, or just a structural consequence of the general disr ...
... The level of JNK activity in specific puc-positive neurons determines the architectural balance of the VNC The reduced architectural robustness of the VNC observed in puc could be the result of autonomous malfunction of the JNK pathway in the CNS, or just a structural consequence of the general disr ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... characterized as developmentally and functionally distinct from their vertebrate counterparts. An important result supporting this conclusion is the apparent lack of conservation of initial cell-fate specification mechanisms: in Drosophila the transcription factor encoded by the glial cells missing ...
... characterized as developmentally and functionally distinct from their vertebrate counterparts. An important result supporting this conclusion is the apparent lack of conservation of initial cell-fate specification mechanisms: in Drosophila the transcription factor encoded by the glial cells missing ...
NIH Public Access
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... During the last decade, another pathway within the cortico-basal ganglia information flow regained more interest: the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic pathway, also known as the ‘hyperdirect’ pathway (Nambu, et al., 2002). The functional role of this pathway in movement control was reintroduced in a ...
... During the last decade, another pathway within the cortico-basal ganglia information flow regained more interest: the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic pathway, also known as the ‘hyperdirect’ pathway (Nambu, et al., 2002). The functional role of this pathway in movement control was reintroduced in a ...
Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus
... oscillations provided the precise temporal synchrony necessary for binding distributed cells involved in coding various aspects of a particular stimulus. Gamma synchronized firing was recorded across neurons in separate columns of primary visual cortex when cells responded to different aspects of th ...
... oscillations provided the precise temporal synchrony necessary for binding distributed cells involved in coding various aspects of a particular stimulus. Gamma synchronized firing was recorded across neurons in separate columns of primary visual cortex when cells responded to different aspects of th ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... wavelengths of light cannot be reproduced by varying the intensity of a single wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range ...
... wavelengths of light cannot be reproduced by varying the intensity of a single wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
Orientation topography of layer 4 lateral networks revealed by
... The functional speci®city of corticocortical connections with respect to the topography of orientation selectivity was studied by optical imaging of intrinsic signals and bulk injections of ¯uorescent latex beads (green and red) and biocytin into layer 4. The distributions of retrogradely labelled c ...
... The functional speci®city of corticocortical connections with respect to the topography of orientation selectivity was studied by optical imaging of intrinsic signals and bulk injections of ¯uorescent latex beads (green and red) and biocytin into layer 4. The distributions of retrogradely labelled c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.