The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
... reflected, in part, by the regional and differential expression of cadherins. Each cadherin-defined diencephalic division is secondarily transformed to give rise to a fully developed domain of gray matter in the mature diencephalon, which extends radially from the ventricular surface to the pial sur ...
... reflected, in part, by the regional and differential expression of cadherins. Each cadherin-defined diencephalic division is secondarily transformed to give rise to a fully developed domain of gray matter in the mature diencephalon, which extends radially from the ventricular surface to the pial sur ...
The Auditory System
... of the temporal bone. The auditory part of the inner ear consists of the cochlea with the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells as auditory receptors. Receptors sensitive to high frequencies are located near the cochlear base and those sensitive to low frequencies near the apex of the cochlea. T ...
... of the temporal bone. The auditory part of the inner ear consists of the cochlea with the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells as auditory receptors. Receptors sensitive to high frequencies are located near the cochlear base and those sensitive to low frequencies near the apex of the cochlea. T ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... The uterine cervix is highly innervated by the sensory nerves containing neuropeptides which change during pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression p ...
... The uterine cervix is highly innervated by the sensory nerves containing neuropeptides which change during pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression p ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... basal locations but maintain an apical contact during mitoses [7,11,14]. These subapical progenitors are mainly characterized by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that the ...
... basal locations but maintain an apical contact during mitoses [7,11,14]. These subapical progenitors are mainly characterized by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that the ...
Social regulation of aggression by pheromonal activation of Or65a
... chronic cVA exposure reduced aggression through Or65a ORNs. Or65a ORNs were not acutely involved in aggression, but blockade of synaptic transmission of Or65a ORNs during social grouping or prior chronic cVA exposure eliminated social modulation of aggression. Artificial activation of Or65a ORNs by ...
... chronic cVA exposure reduced aggression through Or65a ORNs. Or65a ORNs were not acutely involved in aggression, but blockade of synaptic transmission of Or65a ORNs during social grouping or prior chronic cVA exposure eliminated social modulation of aggression. Artificial activation of Or65a ORNs by ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to the environment. It is likely that this makes them more vulnerable to insult and necessitates their regenerative c ...
... cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to the environment. It is likely that this makes them more vulnerable to insult and necessitates their regenerative c ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory known as “cell assembly” (how the brain functions). Dr. Hendelman then proceeded to do his medical studies at McGill, in the shadow of the world-famous Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) where Dr. Wilder Penfield and colleagues were ...
... Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory known as “cell assembly” (how the brain functions). Dr. Hendelman then proceeded to do his medical studies at McGill, in the shadow of the world-famous Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) where Dr. Wilder Penfield and colleagues were ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
Serum kisspeptin levels across different phases of the menstrual
... hypothalamus, GnRH neurons are situated very close to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these ...
... hypothalamus, GnRH neurons are situated very close to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these ...
Functions of the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT).
... velocity for targets presented in the related portion of the visual field (Newsome et al. 1985). Lesions of the medial superior temporal cortex (MST) have also resulted in a parallel loss of pursuit and of the rapid component of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) (Yamasaki and Wurtz 1991). Activity in MST ...
... velocity for targets presented in the related portion of the visual field (Newsome et al. 1985). Lesions of the medial superior temporal cortex (MST) have also resulted in a parallel loss of pursuit and of the rapid component of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) (Yamasaki and Wurtz 1991). Activity in MST ...
Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a
... affected, of course, by neuronal morphology, which is itself changeable. Even this brief discussion shows why understanding the casual mechanisms in serotonergic signaling is a challenging problem. Not only does one have to understand mechanism and function on four different levels, genomic, biochem ...
... affected, of course, by neuronal morphology, which is itself changeable. Even this brief discussion shows why understanding the casual mechanisms in serotonergic signaling is a challenging problem. Not only does one have to understand mechanism and function on four different levels, genomic, biochem ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... probability that any two CA3 neurons will receive mossyfiber input synapses from a similar subset of DG cells. Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that pattern separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, al ...
... probability that any two CA3 neurons will receive mossyfiber input synapses from a similar subset of DG cells. Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that pattern separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, al ...
Hox Genes: Choreographers in Neural Development, Architects of
... diversities necessary for their incorporation into a particular circuit are still poorly defined. Studies on the specification of motor neurons indicate that the large family of Hox transcription factors has a key role in generating the subtypes required for selective muscle innervation. There is al ...
... diversities necessary for their incorporation into a particular circuit are still poorly defined. Studies on the specification of motor neurons indicate that the large family of Hox transcription factors has a key role in generating the subtypes required for selective muscle innervation. There is al ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... In conjunction with our main analyses, we examined the neuronal responses elicited by the two stimuli in each choice array when presented alone. The mean firing rate response to an individual stimulus was computed from 100 to 500 ms after its presentation as the cue stimulus. Following Chelazzi et a ...
... In conjunction with our main analyses, we examined the neuronal responses elicited by the two stimuli in each choice array when presented alone. The mean firing rate response to an individual stimulus was computed from 100 to 500 ms after its presentation as the cue stimulus. Following Chelazzi et a ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... GR is increased. It is not until a sustained, major stressor that GR occupancy is saturated. Thus, MR is responsible for much of the effects of basal and low-stress levels of GCs (i.e. the permissive effects), whereas GR largely mediates the effects of high stress GC levels. This, combined with the ...
... GR is increased. It is not until a sustained, major stressor that GR occupancy is saturated. Thus, MR is responsible for much of the effects of basal and low-stress levels of GCs (i.e. the permissive effects), whereas GR largely mediates the effects of high stress GC levels. This, combined with the ...
5-HT Receptor Regulation of Neurotransmitter Release
... interneurons upon activation of facilitatory 5-HT receptors, e.g., 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors, mediates inhibition of the release of other neurotransmitters such as prefrontal neocortical dopamine or neocortical acetylcholine release, respectively. Conversely, attenuated GABA release in response to a ...
... interneurons upon activation of facilitatory 5-HT receptors, e.g., 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors, mediates inhibition of the release of other neurotransmitters such as prefrontal neocortical dopamine or neocortical acetylcholine release, respectively. Conversely, attenuated GABA release in response to a ...
Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal–anterior thalamic
... have independent links with other association cortical areas. 6. Although the hippocampus is closely linked to the anterior thalamic nuclei, the perirhinal cortex is connected with the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus. These two parallel temporal–thalamic systems (Fig. 2) make qualitatively different ...
... have independent links with other association cortical areas. 6. Although the hippocampus is closely linked to the anterior thalamic nuclei, the perirhinal cortex is connected with the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus. These two parallel temporal–thalamic systems (Fig. 2) make qualitatively different ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor. These neurons are activated in overlapping areas on the same timecourse. Substance P-induced hyperalgesia is also blocked by PI3K pathway inhibition. These results suggest that inflammation-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by substance P and dependent on the PI3K pathwa ...
... neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor. These neurons are activated in overlapping areas on the same timecourse. Substance P-induced hyperalgesia is also blocked by PI3K pathway inhibition. These results suggest that inflammation-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by substance P and dependent on the PI3K pathwa ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.