AP Biology Study Guide
... Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Describe the role of NAD+ and the electron transport chain during respiration. Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, wha ...
... Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Describe the role of NAD+ and the electron transport chain during respiration. Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, wha ...
Cellular Respiration
... Hans Krebs who described the reaction in the 1930s. Begins by the addition of a 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule forming a 6-carbon citric acid molecule In the reactions that follow, at three different times, two electrons and one H ion are accepted by NAD+ , forming NADH At one time in ...
... Hans Krebs who described the reaction in the 1930s. Begins by the addition of a 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule forming a 6-carbon citric acid molecule In the reactions that follow, at three different times, two electrons and one H ion are accepted by NAD+ , forming NADH At one time in ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... - H4 isozyme associated with heart and aerobic skeletal muscles; high substrate affinity ( low Km) for lactate compared to the M4 isozyme - M4 isozymes is specific to those skeletal muscles functioning anaerobically - pyruvate is a substrate for H4 isozyme, but it also inhibits the reaction catalyze ...
... - H4 isozyme associated with heart and aerobic skeletal muscles; high substrate affinity ( low Km) for lactate compared to the M4 isozyme - M4 isozymes is specific to those skeletal muscles functioning anaerobically - pyruvate is a substrate for H4 isozyme, but it also inhibits the reaction catalyze ...
Chapter 17 - Evangel University
... • This step involves another reaction in which _______ is produced by phosphorylation of ________ • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as __________________________________ • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate ______________ • This reaction is the sum of ...
... • This step involves another reaction in which _______ is produced by phosphorylation of ________ • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as __________________________________ • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate ______________ • This reaction is the sum of ...
Chapter 5: Self Test
... a. Transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria will increase. b. The cells will utilize oxygen more rapidly. c. The rate of the Krebs cycle reactions will increase. d. Electron transport will increase. e. The rate of fermentation will increase. 7. When oxygen is present, a. most cells utilize aerobi ...
... a. Transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria will increase. b. The cells will utilize oxygen more rapidly. c. The rate of the Krebs cycle reactions will increase. d. Electron transport will increase. e. The rate of fermentation will increase. 7. When oxygen is present, a. most cells utilize aerobi ...
Module 10: Catabolism of Amino Acids
... b. Why does the overall glycolysis pathway yields two and not one molecule of NADH? Breaking down glycogen yields glucose-6-phosphate without spending one molecule of ATP. How many molecules of ATP will yield each molecule of glucose coming from glycogen when its converted into pyruvate? In some bac ...
... b. Why does the overall glycolysis pathway yields two and not one molecule of NADH? Breaking down glycogen yields glucose-6-phosphate without spending one molecule of ATP. How many molecules of ATP will yield each molecule of glucose coming from glycogen when its converted into pyruvate? In some bac ...
Electron Transport Chain Questions
... stage. NADH then goes on to electron transport chain to generate further ATP. 10. What molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis? NADH 11. When fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, what type of reaction is this? Phosphoryla ...
... stage. NADH then goes on to electron transport chain to generate further ATP. 10. What molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis? NADH 11. When fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, what type of reaction is this? Phosphoryla ...
Grading Rubric: Photosynthesis and Cellular
... 11. What are the two types of fermentation and where do they occur? Lactic acid fermentation: occurs in muscle cells Alcoholic fermentation: anaerobic bacteria, yeast ...
... 11. What are the two types of fermentation and where do they occur? Lactic acid fermentation: occurs in muscle cells Alcoholic fermentation: anaerobic bacteria, yeast ...
Unique plant respiration
... – Pyruvate converted to CO2 and electrons • 3) Electron transport chain – Electrons reduce O2 to H20 and create ATP Energy storage • Plants store energy in the form of the carbohydrates sucrose and starch • In stroma of chloroplast, enzymes such as -amylase and -amylase break complex sugars down • P ...
... – Pyruvate converted to CO2 and electrons • 3) Electron transport chain – Electrons reduce O2 to H20 and create ATP Energy storage • Plants store energy in the form of the carbohydrates sucrose and starch • In stroma of chloroplast, enzymes such as -amylase and -amylase break complex sugars down • P ...
File
... a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose transporters and most glycolytic enzymes are overexpressed i ...
... a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose transporters and most glycolytic enzymes are overexpressed i ...
Bioenergetics and Mitosis Review Sheet
... 21. Through what method are the ATP molecules in the ETC generated? 22. What is the net total of ATP molecules that are generated per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration? How efficient is this? What happens to the remainder of the energy that was stored in the glucose molecule? 23. In the absenc ...
... 21. Through what method are the ATP molecules in the ETC generated? 22. What is the net total of ATP molecules that are generated per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration? How efficient is this? What happens to the remainder of the energy that was stored in the glucose molecule? 23. In the absenc ...
oxidation
... First 5 reactions consume energy: 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate and activate glucose to 3-carbon sugar phosphate Aerobic Respiration nd 2 set of reactions: hydrogen atoms are removed (Respiration using O2) (oxidation) by NAD+ forming NADH (reduction): 2NAD+ + 4H (oxidation) 2 NADH (tha ...
... First 5 reactions consume energy: 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate and activate glucose to 3-carbon sugar phosphate Aerobic Respiration nd 2 set of reactions: hydrogen atoms are removed (Respiration using O2) (oxidation) by NAD+ forming NADH (reduction): 2NAD+ + 4H (oxidation) 2 NADH (tha ...
PG1005 Lecture 11 Glycolysis
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxidation yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxidation yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
Cellular Functions PP
... Glucose the body’s fuel • Complex carbs are broken down into glucose • Glucose is the bodies preferred source of fuel • Glucose can be used to form amino acids, which then can be incorporated into proteins. • Excess glucose can be stored by liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen. • If glycogen stor ...
... Glucose the body’s fuel • Complex carbs are broken down into glucose • Glucose is the bodies preferred source of fuel • Glucose can be used to form amino acids, which then can be incorporated into proteins. • Excess glucose can be stored by liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen. • If glycogen stor ...
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
... – Fructose bisphosphate is split into two threecarbon molecules of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate (G3P) – In a series of reactions, each G3P molecule is converted into a pyruvate, generating two ATPs per conversion, for a total of four ATPs – Because two ATPs were used to activate the glucose molecule th ...
... – Fructose bisphosphate is split into two threecarbon molecules of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate (G3P) – In a series of reactions, each G3P molecule is converted into a pyruvate, generating two ATPs per conversion, for a total of four ATPs – Because two ATPs were used to activate the glucose molecule th ...
classsssssss
... male who suffers from periodic hemolysis demonstrate a low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Deficiency of which of the following erythrocyte enzymes has the same pathophysiology as this patient’s condition? • A. bisphosphoglycerate mutase • B. pyruvate kinase • C. hexokinase • D. trans ...
... male who suffers from periodic hemolysis demonstrate a low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Deficiency of which of the following erythrocyte enzymes has the same pathophysiology as this patient’s condition? • A. bisphosphoglycerate mutase • B. pyruvate kinase • C. hexokinase • D. trans ...
Cellular Respiration - LaPazColegioWiki2013-2014
... anaerobic (without oxygen) Two types of anaerobic respiration: Lactic acid ...
... anaerobic (without oxygen) Two types of anaerobic respiration: Lactic acid ...
Respiration II
... cellular respiration most of the energy in glucose ends up in two acetyl groups. ...
... cellular respiration most of the energy in glucose ends up in two acetyl groups. ...
key - Scioly.org
... And what is the name of this anaerobic process? Lactic acid fermentation or Anaerobic glycolysis 22. How many molecules of ATP are produced during the second stage of glycolysis? ...
... And what is the name of this anaerobic process? Lactic acid fermentation or Anaerobic glycolysis 22. How many molecules of ATP are produced during the second stage of glycolysis? ...
Document
... Without any form of respiration, glycolysis products, pyruvate and NADH, will accumulate. To keep making any more ATP by glycolysis, fermenting cells must convert NADH (red.) back to NAD+ (ox.) by passing its electrons to pyruvate. Reaction pathways that do this convert pyruvate to many other compou ...
... Without any form of respiration, glycolysis products, pyruvate and NADH, will accumulate. To keep making any more ATP by glycolysis, fermenting cells must convert NADH (red.) back to NAD+ (ox.) by passing its electrons to pyruvate. Reaction pathways that do this convert pyruvate to many other compou ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑