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... into glycogen as a cellular storage mechanism; this prevents excessive osmotic pressure buildup inside the cell. Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucosedependent tissues. Gluconeogenesis - de novo synthesis of glucose molecules from simple ...
... into glycogen as a cellular storage mechanism; this prevents excessive osmotic pressure buildup inside the cell. Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucosedependent tissues. Gluconeogenesis - de novo synthesis of glucose molecules from simple ...
Metabolism, Glycolysis, & Fermentation
... • Partial oxidation of sugar to release energy (oxidize NADH to NAD+) • Summary: Glucose → 2 Lactic acid + 2 ATP Glucose → 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP • Some useful in health and industry • Others are harmful - Clostridium perfringens results to gangrene - wine spoilage (acetic/lactic acid) ...
... • Partial oxidation of sugar to release energy (oxidize NADH to NAD+) • Summary: Glucose → 2 Lactic acid + 2 ATP Glucose → 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP • Some useful in health and industry • Others are harmful - Clostridium perfringens results to gangrene - wine spoilage (acetic/lactic acid) ...
fermentation & evolution
... • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Fig. 9.17b Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
... • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Fig. 9.17b Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
Honors Biology Ch 6 Review sheet
... 16) We obtain our energy from __________. What is a kilocalorie? 17) Will your body continue to make ATP even if you don’t need it?______ How is this controlled? ...
... 16) We obtain our energy from __________. What is a kilocalorie? 17) Will your body continue to make ATP even if you don’t need it?______ How is this controlled? ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Generation of precursors for biosynthesis: fatty acids amino acids ribosis-5-P ...
... Generation of precursors for biosynthesis: fatty acids amino acids ribosis-5-P ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 7- Cfe Higher Human Biology
... PROTEINS AS RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES Proteins in the diet are broken down to their component amino acids by the action of digestive enzymes. Amino acids in excess of the body’s requirements for protein synthesis undergo deamination, forming urea and respiratory pathway intermediates as shown opposite ...
... PROTEINS AS RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES Proteins in the diet are broken down to their component amino acids by the action of digestive enzymes. Amino acids in excess of the body’s requirements for protein synthesis undergo deamination, forming urea and respiratory pathway intermediates as shown opposite ...
Academic Biology
... mitochondria. 4. What is the first phase of respiration called and where does it occur? a. The first phase is glycolysis and it occurs in the cytoplasm. 5. Describe the products made in glycolysis. a. The products made in glycolysis are NADH, pyruvate acid, and ATP molecules, these all aid to produc ...
... mitochondria. 4. What is the first phase of respiration called and where does it occur? a. The first phase is glycolysis and it occurs in the cytoplasm. 5. Describe the products made in glycolysis. a. The products made in glycolysis are NADH, pyruvate acid, and ATP molecules, these all aid to produc ...
Pathways of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Glycolysis • Is the
... • The net result of the cycle is generation of 3 NADHs, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP (GTP is sometimes interchangeably referred to as ATP because it is essentially converted to ATP very rapidly) ...
... • The net result of the cycle is generation of 3 NADHs, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP (GTP is sometimes interchangeably referred to as ATP because it is essentially converted to ATP very rapidly) ...
Carbohydrate and sugar structure
... Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate with the concomitant generation of four ATPs-net profit is 2ATPs per glucose. ...
... Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate with the concomitant generation of four ATPs-net profit is 2ATPs per glucose. ...
Name Date
... 9. Fermentation produces no more ATP beyond the small yield from glycolysis, but the remaining reactions a. regenerate ADP c. dump electrons on an inorganic substance (not oxygen) b. regenerate NAD+ d. generate water 10. In certain organisms & under certain conditions, ________ can be used as an ene ...
... 9. Fermentation produces no more ATP beyond the small yield from glycolysis, but the remaining reactions a. regenerate ADP c. dump electrons on an inorganic substance (not oxygen) b. regenerate NAD+ d. generate water 10. In certain organisms & under certain conditions, ________ can be used as an ene ...
Cellular Respiration
... • The mitochondria are the engines of our cells where sugar is burned for fuel and the exhaust is CO2 and H2O. ...
... • The mitochondria are the engines of our cells where sugar is burned for fuel and the exhaust is CO2 and H2O. ...
Title - Iowa State University
... 2. Glycolysis involves breaking down glucose to make two molecules of ________. This also creates ___ molecules of ATP and ___ molecules of NADH. Glycolysis requires Oxygen, which is termed ________ respiration. Glycolysis occurs in ___ steps or ___ phases. 3. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondr ...
... 2. Glycolysis involves breaking down glucose to make two molecules of ________. This also creates ___ molecules of ATP and ___ molecules of NADH. Glycolysis requires Oxygen, which is termed ________ respiration. Glycolysis occurs in ___ steps or ___ phases. 3. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondr ...
Lecture 26
... Gluconeogenesis is not just the reverse of glycolysis Several steps are different so that control of one pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose ...
... Gluconeogenesis is not just the reverse of glycolysis Several steps are different so that control of one pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose ...
Cellular Respiration (CR
... similarities between respiration between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (location and names of processes involved)? How many ATP’s are produced from each cell type? --------------------------------------------Define: The process of releasing energy (ATP) from food (glucose). Both consumers AND pro ...
... similarities between respiration between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (location and names of processes involved)? How many ATP’s are produced from each cell type? --------------------------------------------Define: The process of releasing energy (ATP) from food (glucose). Both consumers AND pro ...
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 7-1 Glycolysis and Fermentation
... 5. What are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Of what importance are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation to the cells that use these pathways? _________________________ ...
... 5. What are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Of what importance are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation to the cells that use these pathways? _________________________ ...
Cellular Respiration - Seattle Central College
... glucose and the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The net production of ATP per glucose is 2. ...
... glucose and the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The net production of ATP per glucose is 2. ...
Name
... 24)What are the 2 molecules formed during Krebs cycle that are carried to ETC? 25)List the proteins that receive electrons from NADH and where they occur 26)How does FADH2 contrast to NADH? 27)What is an electrochemical gradient? 28)What is Chemiosmosis? 29)Describe ATP synthase ...
... 24)What are the 2 molecules formed during Krebs cycle that are carried to ETC? 25)List the proteins that receive electrons from NADH and where they occur 26)How does FADH2 contrast to NADH? 27)What is an electrochemical gradient? 28)What is Chemiosmosis? 29)Describe ATP synthase ...
Document
... plus), the brain can use ketone bodies for energy by converting to Acetyl CoA; usually gluconeogenesis creates glucose when glycogen stores are depleted Synthesis of glucose from 3-4 carbon ...
... plus), the brain can use ketone bodies for energy by converting to Acetyl CoA; usually gluconeogenesis creates glucose when glycogen stores are depleted Synthesis of glucose from 3-4 carbon ...
Name per ______ date ______ Cell Respiration Introduction
... Very short time, all avail NAD+ are filled and no more ATP can be made ...
... Very short time, all avail NAD+ are filled and no more ATP can be made ...
Cellular Respiration
... Anaerobic respiration- without O2. Aerobic respiration- with O2. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) ...
... Anaerobic respiration- without O2. Aerobic respiration- with O2. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) ...
Cellular Respiration 3 Parts Glycolysis Kreb`s Cycle
... Fermentation vs. Aerobic Respiration Each molecule of glucose can generate 3638 molecules of ATP in aerobic respiration but only 2 ATP molecules in respiration without oxygen (through glycolysis and ...
... Fermentation vs. Aerobic Respiration Each molecule of glucose can generate 3638 molecules of ATP in aerobic respiration but only 2 ATP molecules in respiration without oxygen (through glycolysis and ...
Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
... Calorie- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C. Unit of measurement for energy found in food. ...
... Calorie- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C. Unit of measurement for energy found in food. ...
Solutions to Questions in the Cellular Respiration booklet
... #5. Glycolysis and the intermediate step occur in the cytoplasm. While Krebs’s Cycle or Citric Acid and Electron ...
... #5. Glycolysis and the intermediate step occur in the cytoplasm. While Krebs’s Cycle or Citric Acid and Electron ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑