Citric Acid Cycle Overview
... • Maintenance of high energy bond • Acetyl CoA product is made • Lipoamide still reduced—not catalytically viable at this point ...
... • Maintenance of high energy bond • Acetyl CoA product is made • Lipoamide still reduced—not catalytically viable at this point ...
Chapter 3
... Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation • One mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal • 32 moles of ATP are formed from one mole of glucose • Potential energy released from one mole of glucose is 686 ...
... Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation • One mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal • 32 moles of ATP are formed from one mole of glucose • Potential energy released from one mole of glucose is 686 ...
Aerobic organisms obtain energy from oxidation of food molecules
... Energy from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose? • Complete combustion of glucose : Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy • The free energy released, ΔG°´ = - 686 kcal/mole • Since hydrolysis of ATP gives ΔG°´ ~ –10 kcal/mole, 1 mole Glucose contains energy for 70-85 moles of ATP. • In respiration, 1 g ...
... Energy from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose? • Complete combustion of glucose : Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy • The free energy released, ΔG°´ = - 686 kcal/mole • Since hydrolysis of ATP gives ΔG°´ ~ –10 kcal/mole, 1 mole Glucose contains energy for 70-85 moles of ATP. • In respiration, 1 g ...
Introduction - Cedar Crest College
... Coupled with glycolysis, aerobic respiration captures 63 percent of the energy stored in glucose; fermentation captures only 3.5 percent. Aerobic respiration is 18 times more efficient at harvesting energy from glucose. ...
... Coupled with glycolysis, aerobic respiration captures 63 percent of the energy stored in glucose; fermentation captures only 3.5 percent. Aerobic respiration is 18 times more efficient at harvesting energy from glucose. ...
Introduction - Evergreen State College Archives
... The energy is stored rather than lost as heat and is used to make two molecules of NADH + H+, one for each of the two glyceraldehyde molecules made from the one glucose molecule. ...
... The energy is stored rather than lost as heat and is used to make two molecules of NADH + H+, one for each of the two glyceraldehyde molecules made from the one glucose molecule. ...
SI Session 10-13-14 The molecule that functions as the reducing
... B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 th ...
... B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 th ...
Catabolism
... Anaerobic respiration using molecules other than oxygen as exogenous electron acceptors yields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity ...
... Anaerobic respiration using molecules other than oxygen as exogenous electron acceptors yields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity ...
UNIT 7 Metabolism and generation of ATP
... energy investment phase in which sugar phosphates are synthesized at the expense of 2 moles of ATP, converted to ADP. The 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-C sugar phosphates. The last five reactions represent the energy generation phase in which triose phosphates are converted to energy-rich com ...
... energy investment phase in which sugar phosphates are synthesized at the expense of 2 moles of ATP, converted to ADP. The 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-C sugar phosphates. The last five reactions represent the energy generation phase in which triose phosphates are converted to energy-rich com ...
Alcohol Metabolism
... Acetyl CoA fatty acid synthesis FAs accumulate in the liver Once the liver is congested with fat: Decreased efficiency of hepatocytes Decreased conversion of vitamin D to active form Decreased gluconeogenesis Decreased glu & increased acetyl CoA ketosis (acidic) Accumulation of NADH + ...
... Acetyl CoA fatty acid synthesis FAs accumulate in the liver Once the liver is congested with fat: Decreased efficiency of hepatocytes Decreased conversion of vitamin D to active form Decreased gluconeogenesis Decreased glu & increased acetyl CoA ketosis (acidic) Accumulation of NADH + ...
Substrate Metabolism – Rest vs Stress
... - rest = basal metabolic rate + minimal exercise - major stress = 50% burn - aim = to preserve plasma glucose levels for brain metabolism. REST - least expensive form of energy production utilized: carbohydrate -> fat -> protein in decreasing ratios. Carbohydrate Sources ...
... - rest = basal metabolic rate + minimal exercise - major stress = 50% burn - aim = to preserve plasma glucose levels for brain metabolism. REST - least expensive form of energy production utilized: carbohydrate -> fat -> protein in decreasing ratios. Carbohydrate Sources ...
Exam II Sample (1710).doc
... strongly negative. near zero. weakly positive. positive but driven by ATP hydrolysis. ...
... strongly negative. near zero. weakly positive. positive but driven by ATP hydrolysis. ...
Learning Objectives
... Six principles – name them and describe something about them (an example, etc.) Glycolysis - know ALL the details for the QUIZ, including net reaction, ATP/NAD used and made Know importance of phosphorylated intermediates What are the three nonequilibrium steps? How are each regulated? Hexokinase Ph ...
... Six principles – name them and describe something about them (an example, etc.) Glycolysis - know ALL the details for the QUIZ, including net reaction, ATP/NAD used and made Know importance of phosphorylated intermediates What are the three nonequilibrium steps? How are each regulated? Hexokinase Ph ...
6 Energy
... back to work for the gumball glycolysis machine and the Kreb’s machine. Muscles are the only human cells that can do this. When no oxygen is present (such as in muscles during sprinting), the NADH molecules that were generated from glycolysis and the TCA cycle cannot use the electron transport cha ...
... back to work for the gumball glycolysis machine and the Kreb’s machine. Muscles are the only human cells that can do this. When no oxygen is present (such as in muscles during sprinting), the NADH molecules that were generated from glycolysis and the TCA cycle cannot use the electron transport cha ...
Metabolism - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... ● Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. a. ...
... ● Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. a. ...
Organic Macromolecule Notes
... i) Starch is a long chain of glucose molecules found in plants ii) Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules found in animals d) Carbohydrates & Energy i) Where does the energy come from? ...
... i) Starch is a long chain of glucose molecules found in plants ii) Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules found in animals d) Carbohydrates & Energy i) Where does the energy come from? ...
What is metabolism? The sum of all chemical reactions that occur as
... NADH and restores the empty electron carriers, NAD + . NAD + is needed for glycolysis (which provides a net yield of 2ATP). ...
... NADH and restores the empty electron carriers, NAD + . NAD + is needed for glycolysis (which provides a net yield of 2ATP). ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration, Harvesting Chemical Energy
... The spinning rod causes changes in the stationary knob, activating three catalytic sites in the subunits that make up the knob o This causes an ADP and an inorganic phosphate to combine and make ATP Proton-motive force- the H+ gradient created by the release of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane s ...
... The spinning rod causes changes in the stationary knob, activating three catalytic sites in the subunits that make up the knob o This causes an ADP and an inorganic phosphate to combine and make ATP Proton-motive force- the H+ gradient created by the release of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane s ...
Cellular Respiration
... Breaking the bond of the third phosphate group on ATP releases energy ...
... Breaking the bond of the third phosphate group on ATP releases energy ...
pentose phosphate pathway
... fatty acids and certain amino acids. Three essentially irreversible steps of glycolysis are ...
... fatty acids and certain amino acids. Three essentially irreversible steps of glycolysis are ...
What is Ketosis
... OOC-CH2-C-CH3 O CO2 NADH + H+ NAD+ CH3-C-CH3 OOC-CH2-CH-CH3 O Acetone OH -hydroxybutyrate ...
... OOC-CH2-C-CH3 O CO2 NADH + H+ NAD+ CH3-C-CH3 OOC-CH2-CH-CH3 O Acetone OH -hydroxybutyrate ...
Note 17 - South Tuen Mun Government Secondary School
... Lactic acid fermentation – takes place in skeletal muscle of man / mammal and some bacteria Heavy exercise increases the energy demand of skeletal muscle. The rate of aerobic respiration increases. Aerobic respiration requires glucose and oxygen. When the highest rate and depth of breathing cannot ...
... Lactic acid fermentation – takes place in skeletal muscle of man / mammal and some bacteria Heavy exercise increases the energy demand of skeletal muscle. The rate of aerobic respiration increases. Aerobic respiration requires glucose and oxygen. When the highest rate and depth of breathing cannot ...
File
... 40. Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because a. Heat is not a form of energy b. Cells do not have much heat; they are relatively cool c. Temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell d. Heat can never be used to do work e. Heat denatures enzymes 41. If an enzyme is added to a solut ...
... 40. Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because a. Heat is not a form of energy b. Cells do not have much heat; they are relatively cool c. Temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell d. Heat can never be used to do work e. Heat denatures enzymes 41. If an enzyme is added to a solut ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑