Biology 3: First Mid-term Examination Improvement Study Questions
... 7. An important molecule found in the cell membrane, with both polar and non-polar properties is: 8. Gold, carbon and hydrogen are examples of: 9. One molecule of acetylacetic acid has the formula CH3COCH2COOH. How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of this substance? 10. Which componen ...
... 7. An important molecule found in the cell membrane, with both polar and non-polar properties is: 8. Gold, carbon and hydrogen are examples of: 9. One molecule of acetylacetic acid has the formula CH3COCH2COOH. How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of this substance? 10. Which componen ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI
... VI. Answer any two of the following, each within 1500 words; Draw diagrams wherever necessary 26) How is pH measured? Explain the working of the pH meter and the factors affecting its measurement. 27) Elaborate the properties of peptide bond and Classify amino acids. 28) Describe the complete oxidat ...
... VI. Answer any two of the following, each within 1500 words; Draw diagrams wherever necessary 26) How is pH measured? Explain the working of the pH meter and the factors affecting its measurement. 27) Elaborate the properties of peptide bond and Classify amino acids. 28) Describe the complete oxidat ...
1 Pyruvate and acetate metabolism (The citric acid cycle) I. Pyruvate
... function of weakening the C1-C2 bond as discussed before, but unfortunately its location on, rather than next to, the C involved in bond-breaking makes it too close to be of use. Instead, a series of steps involving the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex and multiple cofactors is required. B. Pyr ...
... function of weakening the C1-C2 bond as discussed before, but unfortunately its location on, rather than next to, the C involved in bond-breaking makes it too close to be of use. Instead, a series of steps involving the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex and multiple cofactors is required. B. Pyr ...
Building Blocks of Bodybuilding
... • Beyond that fuel for energy In an athlete determined by training program E.g. to replenish Glycogen levels 1) Aerobic Endurance Athlete 8-10g/kg of body weight 600-750 g CHO 2400-3000 kcal from CHO/day for 75kg ...
... • Beyond that fuel for energy In an athlete determined by training program E.g. to replenish Glycogen levels 1) Aerobic Endurance Athlete 8-10g/kg of body weight 600-750 g CHO 2400-3000 kcal from CHO/day for 75kg ...
Cellular Respiration
... c) How is the energy used to drive the synthesis of ATP? • The protons that accumulate in the intermembrane space create an electrochemical gradient. • The gradient has 2 components: electrical caused by a higher positive charge in the intermembrane space than in the matrix, and a chemical gradient ...
... c) How is the energy used to drive the synthesis of ATP? • The protons that accumulate in the intermembrane space create an electrochemical gradient. • The gradient has 2 components: electrical caused by a higher positive charge in the intermembrane space than in the matrix, and a chemical gradient ...
General Biology (BIO 10)
... Where does photosynthesis occur? In which cells? In which organelle? Parts of a chloroplast Reactants & products of photosynthesis (equation) Photons Photosystems I and II Chemiosmosis (know how it works & that it is important in photosynthesis & cellular resp.) Photorespiration C3, C4 and CAM photo ...
... Where does photosynthesis occur? In which cells? In which organelle? Parts of a chloroplast Reactants & products of photosynthesis (equation) Photons Photosystems I and II Chemiosmosis (know how it works & that it is important in photosynthesis & cellular resp.) Photorespiration C3, C4 and CAM photo ...
Effect of glucose on insulin promoter activity.
... neuropathy in diabetic rats and dogs. • Limited usefulness in human trials due to toxicity associated with delivery of drug through blood-retinal barrier. ...
... neuropathy in diabetic rats and dogs. • Limited usefulness in human trials due to toxicity associated with delivery of drug through blood-retinal barrier. ...
Chapter 8 Homeostasis of blood sugar, gas concentrations and
... Endocrine = produces and secretes hormones insulin and glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline, and ACTH. Circulatory = Transports food and hormones around the body. Muscular = Cells use glucose to release energy, stores glucose as glycogen. Excretory = Kidneys reabsorb filtered glucose to maintain levels ...
... Endocrine = produces and secretes hormones insulin and glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline, and ACTH. Circulatory = Transports food and hormones around the body. Muscular = Cells use glucose to release energy, stores glucose as glycogen. Excretory = Kidneys reabsorb filtered glucose to maintain levels ...
Lecture: Biochemistry I. Inorganic Compounds A. Water (H2O)
... ii. ideal medium for cellular transport 4. reactivity - essential for many chemical reactions I. hydrolysis - water added to break down molecules glycogen + H2O ----> glucose + glucose + glucose + ........... ii. dehydration - water removed to synthesize glucose + glucose + glucose + ... ---> glycog ...
... ii. ideal medium for cellular transport 4. reactivity - essential for many chemical reactions I. hydrolysis - water added to break down molecules glycogen + H2O ----> glucose + glucose + glucose + ........... ii. dehydration - water removed to synthesize glucose + glucose + glucose + ... ---> glycog ...
Lab 7 PPT - Dr Magrann
... • During glycolysis, we have to get rid of a hydrogen (H+), but almost no one wants to carry that burden. • There is a guy named NAD who is willing to accept this burden. When he takes on the H+, he is reduced. If his H+ burden is removed by someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD ...
... • During glycolysis, we have to get rid of a hydrogen (H+), but almost no one wants to carry that burden. • There is a guy named NAD who is willing to accept this burden. When he takes on the H+, he is reduced. If his H+ burden is removed by someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD ...
cell metabolism
... "emergencies only" metabolic pathway that lets you get a little energy out of glucose, even without oxygen. 3. What you do is combine pyruvate & NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) and convert it to lactic acid. 4. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic conditions (without O 2). T ...
... "emergencies only" metabolic pathway that lets you get a little energy out of glucose, even without oxygen. 3. What you do is combine pyruvate & NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) and convert it to lactic acid. 4. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic conditions (without O 2). T ...
lecture1
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
Biology Content Standards
... Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most common are C, H, #, O, P, S. 1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of ...
... Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most common are C, H, #, O, P, S. 1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of ...
ATP, Photosynthesis and Respiration
... • There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration. ...
... • There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration. ...
Summary
... •The TCA cycle gives complete oxidation of the pyruvate carbons. •And reduction of 4 NAD+ and one FAD. •And phosphorylation of one GDP. •The TCA cycle is a source of biosynthetic precursors. •Pyruvate carboxylase and the glyoxylate cycle replenish precursors •Replenishment of NAD + and FAD are also ...
... •The TCA cycle gives complete oxidation of the pyruvate carbons. •And reduction of 4 NAD+ and one FAD. •And phosphorylation of one GDP. •The TCA cycle is a source of biosynthetic precursors. •Pyruvate carboxylase and the glyoxylate cycle replenish precursors •Replenishment of NAD + and FAD are also ...
Answers to study guide
... 3phosphates that are like a tightly wound spring and when that last phosphate is released energy is released to do cell work, ATP must be produced form the breakdown of food. 14. Define calories and kilocalories as units of energy and how they are calculated. unit of measurement – the amount of ener ...
... 3phosphates that are like a tightly wound spring and when that last phosphate is released energy is released to do cell work, ATP must be produced form the breakdown of food. 14. Define calories and kilocalories as units of energy and how they are calculated. unit of measurement – the amount of ener ...
Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to undergo an intracellular conformational change; this causes an allosteric effect on Gα. Th ...
... binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to undergo an intracellular conformational change; this causes an allosteric effect on Gα. Th ...
EXERCISE: The Effect On The Body
... Aerobic System • Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria. It requires oxygen and a series of chemical reactions to produce ATP. Mitochondria: Our cell’s power producers which convert energy into forms that can be used. ...
... Aerobic System • Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria. It requires oxygen and a series of chemical reactions to produce ATP. Mitochondria: Our cell’s power producers which convert energy into forms that can be used. ...
Cell Metabolism - s3.amazonaws.com
... • Insulin is needed to transport the glucose into the cell (facilitated diffusion); without insulin, the cells cannot use the glucose for energy • Lack of insulin causes gluconeogenesis of proteins; but the cells are unable to use the glucose, so it accumulates in the blood ...
... • Insulin is needed to transport the glucose into the cell (facilitated diffusion); without insulin, the cells cannot use the glucose for energy • Lack of insulin causes gluconeogenesis of proteins; but the cells are unable to use the glucose, so it accumulates in the blood ...
Respiration and Photosynthesis
... selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane • In photosynthesis - As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane. Inside of membrane becomes positively ...
... selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane • In photosynthesis - As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane. Inside of membrane becomes positively ...
rll 24.5 The citric ocid cycle
... This is what happens in the citric acid cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetatecombine to form citrate. 2. Citric acid eventually loses two carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. The carbons in the two molecules of carbon dioxide are not the same carbons that entered the citric acid cycle as acetyl groups of ...
... This is what happens in the citric acid cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetatecombine to form citrate. 2. Citric acid eventually loses two carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. The carbons in the two molecules of carbon dioxide are not the same carbons that entered the citric acid cycle as acetyl groups of ...
Big_Idea_2.C.1
... After you have eaten a meal, the blood glucose levels will begin to rise because the carbohydrates in the food are digested and absorbed. This rise is detected by beta cells, which then will produce more insulin. This insulin then binds to receptor proteins in cell membranes (particularly in the l ...
... After you have eaten a meal, the blood glucose levels will begin to rise because the carbohydrates in the food are digested and absorbed. This rise is detected by beta cells, which then will produce more insulin. This insulin then binds to receptor proteins in cell membranes (particularly in the l ...
Cycle Krebs Worksheet - LTE - IB
... 1. In the cellular metabolism, if there is enough oxygen, there is no reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate. In this case, Pyruvate can be transformed to Acetyl-‐CoA or Oxaloacetate. In other words, ...
... 1. In the cellular metabolism, if there is enough oxygen, there is no reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate. In this case, Pyruvate can be transformed to Acetyl-‐CoA or Oxaloacetate. In other words, ...
Micro Lab Unit 1 Flashcards
... 36) What is the term for breaking glucose down into ATP? 37) Is glycolysis anaerobic (requires no oxygen) or aerobic (requires oxygen)? 38) The fate of two pyruvic acids is dependent on the presence of what? 39) If oxygen is not present, during glycolysis the two pyruvic acids will remain in cytosol ...
... 36) What is the term for breaking glucose down into ATP? 37) Is glycolysis anaerobic (requires no oxygen) or aerobic (requires oxygen)? 38) The fate of two pyruvic acids is dependent on the presence of what? 39) If oxygen is not present, during glycolysis the two pyruvic acids will remain in cytosol ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑