Functional groups - Montgomery County Schools
... VI. Macromolecules large organic molecules also called polymers made of smaller “building blocks” called monomers Monomers link together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water ...
... VI. Macromolecules large organic molecules also called polymers made of smaller “building blocks” called monomers Monomers link together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water ...
chap16
... fumarase converts fumarate to malate, and it is highly stereospecific in the last step of the Kreb’s cycle, malate is converted to oxaloacetate by Lmalate dehydrogenase. This also results in the formation of NADH. This reaction is not energetically favorable, but it proceeds to the right because oxa ...
... fumarase converts fumarate to malate, and it is highly stereospecific in the last step of the Kreb’s cycle, malate is converted to oxaloacetate by Lmalate dehydrogenase. This also results in the formation of NADH. This reaction is not energetically favorable, but it proceeds to the right because oxa ...
Electron transport chain
... Fermentation enables ُي َمكِنsome cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. – In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent (not O2). – Some energy from t ...
... Fermentation enables ُي َمكِنsome cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. – In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent (not O2). – Some energy from t ...
Cellular respiration
... Fermentation allows NAD to be recycled when oxygen is absent (continued) – Under anaerobic conditions, with no oxygen to allow the ETC to function, the cell must regenerate the NAD for glycolysis using fermentation – Under aerobic (with oxygen) conditions, NADH donates its high-energy electrons ...
... Fermentation allows NAD to be recycled when oxygen is absent (continued) – Under anaerobic conditions, with no oxygen to allow the ETC to function, the cell must regenerate the NAD for glycolysis using fermentation – Under aerobic (with oxygen) conditions, NADH donates its high-energy electrons ...
Topic 2 PowerPoint
... - low glycogen content (they also metabolize fatty acids and proteins, which are broken down into the acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle) ...
... - low glycogen content (they also metabolize fatty acids and proteins, which are broken down into the acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle) ...
Calvin Cycle Answers
... 3. Because it needs to happen 3 times to fix enough carbon for 1 PGA/G3P. 4. Because it catalyzes 2 reactions – reduction of RuBP and regeneration of RuBP so CO2 and O2 are competing for the same active site. 5. The light reactions: cyclic and non-cyclic electron pathways. 6. NADPH is oxidized. PGAP ...
... 3. Because it needs to happen 3 times to fix enough carbon for 1 PGA/G3P. 4. Because it catalyzes 2 reactions – reduction of RuBP and regeneration of RuBP so CO2 and O2 are competing for the same active site. 5. The light reactions: cyclic and non-cyclic electron pathways. 6. NADPH is oxidized. PGAP ...
physiological responses to physical activity
... Carbohydrates take a lot longer to break down and be absorbed into the bloodstream, thus having a slower, more ...
... Carbohydrates take a lot longer to break down and be absorbed into the bloodstream, thus having a slower, more ...
Exam 3: Biochem 2 Fill in the Blank
... a. We synthesis FA to store energy i. Fats have ____more_________ (more/less) kcal per gram than carbohydrate and proteins ii. Locations were fats are made________Liver_________ and _______adipocytes________ 1. Due to the increased NADPH made in these cells during the shunt iii. Location in the cell ...
... a. We synthesis FA to store energy i. Fats have ____more_________ (more/less) kcal per gram than carbohydrate and proteins ii. Locations were fats are made________Liver_________ and _______adipocytes________ 1. Due to the increased NADPH made in these cells during the shunt iii. Location in the cell ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic metabolism for any mol ...
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic metabolism for any mol ...
Document
... Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis In gluconeogenesis, Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrates such as lactate, some amino acids, and glycerol after they are converted to pyruvate or other intermediates. Seven reactions are the reverse of glycolysis and use the same enzymes. Three reacti ...
... Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis In gluconeogenesis, Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrates such as lactate, some amino acids, and glycerol after they are converted to pyruvate or other intermediates. Seven reactions are the reverse of glycolysis and use the same enzymes. Three reacti ...
Ecological speciation model
... OR value of a compound • To calculate the OR value of a compound, give a numerical score of +1 for every O and -1 for every 2 H’s. • Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6): 6O is +6, 12 H's is -6, 6-6=0 Lactate (C3H6O3): 3O is +3, 6H's is -3, 3-3=0 Acetate (C2H4O2): 2O is +2, 4H's is -2, 2-2=0 Glycerol (C3H8O ...
... OR value of a compound • To calculate the OR value of a compound, give a numerical score of +1 for every O and -1 for every 2 H’s. • Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6): 6O is +6, 12 H's is -6, 6-6=0 Lactate (C3H6O3): 3O is +3, 6H's is -3, 3-3=0 Acetate (C2H4O2): 2O is +2, 4H's is -2, 2-2=0 Glycerol (C3H8O ...
oxidize
... – HINT: These reactions are much simpler if you keep track of the carbons!!! • Remember – glucose is going to be catabolized and oxidized- the carbons will be split apart!!!! • Keep track of them!!!!! ...
... – HINT: These reactions are much simpler if you keep track of the carbons!!! • Remember – glucose is going to be catabolized and oxidized- the carbons will be split apart!!!! • Keep track of them!!!!! ...
File
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic metabolism for any molecul ...
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic metabolism for any molecul ...
Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
... In the “resting” state, Ga is bound to the Gb-Gg dimer. Ga contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. ...
... In the “resting” state, Ga is bound to the Gb-Gg dimer. Ga contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. ...
CELL METABOLISM
... "emergencies only" metabolic pathway that lets you get a little energy out of glucose, even without oxygen. 3. What you do is combine pyruvate & NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) and convert it to lactic acid. 4. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic conditions (without O2). Th ...
... "emergencies only" metabolic pathway that lets you get a little energy out of glucose, even without oxygen. 3. What you do is combine pyruvate & NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) and convert it to lactic acid. 4. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic conditions (without O2). Th ...
Energy Systems
... requires a hand-held device that directly measures blood lactate concentration. The corresponding heart rate at the AT gives you a convenient way of monitoring your workouts. ...
... requires a hand-held device that directly measures blood lactate concentration. The corresponding heart rate at the AT gives you a convenient way of monitoring your workouts. ...
Cellular Respiration
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
I - Decatur ISD
... Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a _________________ RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group It has the base ____________ (U) instead of thymine ...
... Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a _________________ RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group It has the base ____________ (U) instead of thymine ...
Citric acid cycle - Issaquah Connect
... • There are 2 phases of glycolysis: energy investment, energy payoff • It takes 2 ATP to get glycolysis going, but the pathway yields 4 ATP, leading to a net of 2 ATP • NAD+ is reduced to NADH which shuttles e- to the ETC • Pyruvate enters the mitochondria by diffusion through channel proteins, and ...
... • There are 2 phases of glycolysis: energy investment, energy payoff • It takes 2 ATP to get glycolysis going, but the pathway yields 4 ATP, leading to a net of 2 ATP • NAD+ is reduced to NADH which shuttles e- to the ETC • Pyruvate enters the mitochondria by diffusion through channel proteins, and ...
Chapter 9 outline
... + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons from NADH in cytosol ...
... + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons from NADH in cytosol ...
Organic chemistry and Biological chemistry for Health Sciences
... The liver makes fatty acids and then triacylglycerol from carbohydrates. Lipids made in the liver are endogenous lipids. Three similar lipoprotein complexes are used to transport endogenous lipids in the bloodstream, namely very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) ...
... The liver makes fatty acids and then triacylglycerol from carbohydrates. Lipids made in the liver are endogenous lipids. Three similar lipoprotein complexes are used to transport endogenous lipids in the bloodstream, namely very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑