Detailed Supporting Information
... Lactate: Lactate from the cell culture media (0.2 ml) was extracted by ethylene chloride after acidification with HCL. Lactate was derivatized to its propylamineheptafluorobutyrate ester form and the m/z328 (carbons 1-3 of lactate) (chemical ionization, CI) was monitored for the detection of m1 (rec ...
... Lactate: Lactate from the cell culture media (0.2 ml) was extracted by ethylene chloride after acidification with HCL. Lactate was derivatized to its propylamineheptafluorobutyrate ester form and the m/z328 (carbons 1-3 of lactate) (chemical ionization, CI) was monitored for the detection of m1 (rec ...
Carbohydrates and Lipids
... Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. ...
... Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. ...
cannot
... (L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase) Detailed mechanism-click here The third reaction of this pathway is the oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a betaketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydro ...
... (L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase) Detailed mechanism-click here The third reaction of this pathway is the oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a betaketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydro ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... broken down (glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP. Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely (citric acid cycle) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and large amounts of energy (ATP). Glucose can be synthesized from nonglucose substances such as protein (gluconeogenesis) ...
... broken down (glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP. Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely (citric acid cycle) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and large amounts of energy (ATP). Glucose can be synthesized from nonglucose substances such as protein (gluconeogenesis) ...
Acyl-CoA
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
substances that target tumor metabolism
... Normally, lipid and muscle protein stores decrease after fasting for example, when one needs to synthesize nutriments: ketone bodies and glucose by neoglucogenesis. However, tumors utilize such stores for supporting an elevated very special glycolysis, with lactate production and release, a process ...
... Normally, lipid and muscle protein stores decrease after fasting for example, when one needs to synthesize nutriments: ketone bodies and glucose by neoglucogenesis. However, tumors utilize such stores for supporting an elevated very special glycolysis, with lactate production and release, a process ...
Biotransformation Xenobiotic metabolism
... (e.g. benzene, vinyl chloride) – Reactive intermediates include epoxides and free radical species (unpaired electrons) that are short-lived and hence highly reactive – Protection is provided by • endogenous antioxidant substances, e.g. GSH • vitamins C and E • antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GPX, CAT in c ...
... (e.g. benzene, vinyl chloride) – Reactive intermediates include epoxides and free radical species (unpaired electrons) that are short-lived and hence highly reactive – Protection is provided by • endogenous antioxidant substances, e.g. GSH • vitamins C and E • antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GPX, CAT in c ...
Concept 6.5 During Photosynthesis, Light Energy Is
... interchange of molecules into and out of the pathways for synthesis and breakdown. • Carbon skeletons (molecules with covalently linked carbon atoms) can enter catabolic or anabolic pathways. • These relationships comprise a metabolic ...
... interchange of molecules into and out of the pathways for synthesis and breakdown. • Carbon skeletons (molecules with covalently linked carbon atoms) can enter catabolic or anabolic pathways. • These relationships comprise a metabolic ...
7 | cellular respiration
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
The Chemical Basis of Life Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds
... • Ionic bonds form between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. This bond occurs when the electronegativities of the atoms are very different and one atom has a much stronger pull on the electrons (high electronegativity) than the other atom in the bond. • ...
... • Ionic bonds form between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. This bond occurs when the electronegativities of the atoms are very different and one atom has a much stronger pull on the electrons (high electronegativity) than the other atom in the bond. • ...
Selective production of acetone during continuous
... inactivation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent acetaldehyde production • Genes inactivated through the introduction of synthesized suicidal vectors (1) pMTerm(B)pta23 and (2) pMTcat_aldh13 ...
... inactivation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent acetaldehyde production • Genes inactivated through the introduction of synthesized suicidal vectors (1) pMTerm(B)pta23 and (2) pMTcat_aldh13 ...
GLUCOGENIC & KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS
... production of pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, such as α-ketoglutarate , succinyl CoA, Fumarate and oxaloacetate, all of which are precursors to glucose via gluconeogenesis. All amino acids except lysine and leucine are at least ...
... production of pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, such as α-ketoglutarate , succinyl CoA, Fumarate and oxaloacetate, all of which are precursors to glucose via gluconeogenesis. All amino acids except lysine and leucine are at least ...
HUMAN NUTRITION
... Carbohydrates and fats used as a source of energy (protein can also be used for this) Proteins provide the raw materials, or building blocks, required for the synthesis of essential metabolites, growth, and tissue maintenance - to make human proteins Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 calories/gram ...
... Carbohydrates and fats used as a source of energy (protein can also be used for this) Proteins provide the raw materials, or building blocks, required for the synthesis of essential metabolites, growth, and tissue maintenance - to make human proteins Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 calories/gram ...
Student Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
... 2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane. Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________ 3. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________ _________________________________________________ ...
... 2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane. Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________ 3. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________ _________________________________________________ ...
Chapter 6-3: Life Substances
... Molecules with same formula but it makes two different things Ex: C6H12O6 makes both glucose and fructose ...
... Molecules with same formula but it makes two different things Ex: C6H12O6 makes both glucose and fructose ...
ppt
... Energetics of TCA cycle: overall net -DG0’ • Some reactions positive; • Some loss of energy as heat (-13 kcal) • Oxidation of NADH, FAD(2H) helps pull TCA cycle forward Very efficient cycle: • Yield 207 Kcal from 1 Acetyl -> CO2 • (90% theoretical 228) • Table 20.1 ...
... Energetics of TCA cycle: overall net -DG0’ • Some reactions positive; • Some loss of energy as heat (-13 kcal) • Oxidation of NADH, FAD(2H) helps pull TCA cycle forward Very efficient cycle: • Yield 207 Kcal from 1 Acetyl -> CO2 • (90% theoretical 228) • Table 20.1 ...
Cellular Energy
... Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the ...
... Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the ...
Ch. 20 Tricarboxylic acid cyle Student Learning Outcomes
... Often first committed step of pathway, or branchpoint Regulatory enzymes often catalyze physiological irreversible reactions (differ in catabolic, biosynthetic paths) • Often feedback regulation by end product • Compartmentalization also helps control access to enzymes • Hormonal regulation integrat ...
... Often first committed step of pathway, or branchpoint Regulatory enzymes often catalyze physiological irreversible reactions (differ in catabolic, biosynthetic paths) • Often feedback regulation by end product • Compartmentalization also helps control access to enzymes • Hormonal regulation integrat ...
Lipids
... monosaccharides – these are simple sugars, with the general formula (CH20)n, where n can be 3–7 ...
... monosaccharides – these are simple sugars, with the general formula (CH20)n, where n can be 3–7 ...
Cells
... outside the cell. Homeostasis. Hypertonic- Concentration is greater outside the cell, causing the water to move out of the cell which makes the cell shrivel. Hypotonic-Concentration is greater inside the cell causing the water to flow into the cell resulting in swelling or even rupture. ...
... outside the cell. Homeostasis. Hypertonic- Concentration is greater outside the cell, causing the water to move out of the cell which makes the cell shrivel. Hypotonic-Concentration is greater inside the cell causing the water to flow into the cell resulting in swelling or even rupture. ...
Macromolecules
... • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Remember: “stores the most energy” ...
... • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Remember: “stores the most energy” ...
ATP Pool and Growth Yield in Selenomonas
... methods of preparing highly reduced media in bulk and monitoring the cultures. A modification was made to the apparatus so that all residual medium could be removed from the reservoirs on changing from one medium to another of different composition. Ground glass joints in media lines have now been r ...
... methods of preparing highly reduced media in bulk and monitoring the cultures. A modification was made to the apparatus so that all residual medium could be removed from the reservoirs on changing from one medium to another of different composition. Ground glass joints in media lines have now been r ...
H 2 O 2
... on protons, but also on concentrations of other ions, ΔG = – nFΔ The proton motive force Δ p is the quantity expressed in the term of potential (milivolts per mole of H+ transferred): Δ p = – ΔG / nF = Δ + 60 Δ pH . Utilization of proton motive force • synthesis of ATP = aerobic phosphorylation • ...
... on protons, but also on concentrations of other ions, ΔG = – nFΔ The proton motive force Δ p is the quantity expressed in the term of potential (milivolts per mole of H+ transferred): Δ p = – ΔG / nF = Δ + 60 Δ pH . Utilization of proton motive force • synthesis of ATP = aerobic phosphorylation • ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑