BIOENERGETICS
... • The free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is -30,5 kj/mol under standard conditions but the actual free energy change (ΔG) of ATP hydrolysis in living cells is very different. • The cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi are not same and are much lower than the 1 M standard conditions. • In a ...
... • The free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is -30,5 kj/mol under standard conditions but the actual free energy change (ΔG) of ATP hydrolysis in living cells is very different. • The cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi are not same and are much lower than the 1 M standard conditions. • In a ...
pH and enzymes in cheese making File
... Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by heat or some chemicals Denaturing involves a change of shape in the enzyme molecule so that it cannot combine with the substrate Individual enzymes work best at a particular temperature and pH (acidity or alkalinity) ...
... Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by heat or some chemicals Denaturing involves a change of shape in the enzyme molecule so that it cannot combine with the substrate Individual enzymes work best at a particular temperature and pH (acidity or alkalinity) ...
Cellular Energy and Enzymatic Function
... • Substrates bind to active site on enzyme • Binding induces conformational change in enzyme--better ”fit” for substrate • Active sites are highly specific and ...
... • Substrates bind to active site on enzyme • Binding induces conformational change in enzyme--better ”fit” for substrate • Active sites are highly specific and ...
Module 6 – Microbial Metabolism
... transport chain participate, ATP yield is less and accordingly anaerobes tend to grow more slowly than aerobes. ...
... transport chain participate, ATP yield is less and accordingly anaerobes tend to grow more slowly than aerobes. ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Mediterranean Emergency Medicine
... Thiamine depletion develops within 18 days in thiamine free diet. Normally: organ meats, yeast, eggs, green leafy vegetables. Poorly absorbed in the presence of ethanol. J Nutr 1965;85:297-304. ...
... Thiamine depletion develops within 18 days in thiamine free diet. Normally: organ meats, yeast, eggs, green leafy vegetables. Poorly absorbed in the presence of ethanol. J Nutr 1965;85:297-304. ...
(TCA) cycle
... (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions without alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. (2) In G(-) bacteria (Escherichia coli), the regulatory proteins FNR and Arc regulate the transcription of many genes for aerobic and anaerobic ...
... (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions without alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. (2) In G(-) bacteria (Escherichia coli), the regulatory proteins FNR and Arc regulate the transcription of many genes for aerobic and anaerobic ...
Chapter 4 Microbial Metabolism
... Anaerobic respiration: energy-yielding process in which terminal electron acceptor is oxidized inorganic compound other than oxygen •Major electron acceptors = Nitrate, sulfate, CO2, Iron •Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP •Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than fermentation •Uses ETC & ...
... Anaerobic respiration: energy-yielding process in which terminal electron acceptor is oxidized inorganic compound other than oxygen •Major electron acceptors = Nitrate, sulfate, CO2, Iron •Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP •Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than fermentation •Uses ETC & ...
Universal Kinase and GTPase Assays
... either fixed-time (assaying data at a single point) or continuous (assaying data at multiple points). Fixed-time kinase assays typically employ indirect detection mechanisms, such as monitoring binding of a phosphorylated product to an immobilized metal ion or antibody; such assays are not ideal bec ...
... either fixed-time (assaying data at a single point) or continuous (assaying data at multiple points). Fixed-time kinase assays typically employ indirect detection mechanisms, such as monitoring binding of a phosphorylated product to an immobilized metal ion or antibody; such assays are not ideal bec ...
Document
... In ureotelic organisms the urea cycle disposes of approximately 90% of surplus nitrogen. Urea is formed from ammonia, CO2, and aspartate in a cyclic pathway referred to as the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a mechanism designed to convert NH4+ to urea, a less toxic molecule. Note that citrulline is t ...
... In ureotelic organisms the urea cycle disposes of approximately 90% of surplus nitrogen. Urea is formed from ammonia, CO2, and aspartate in a cyclic pathway referred to as the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a mechanism designed to convert NH4+ to urea, a less toxic molecule. Note that citrulline is t ...
Postmortem Hemorrhage Feb. 24, 2017
... with an average of 620 cc. As pointed out above, a major factor determining the quantity of liquid blood in the postmortem period is the state of postmortem coagulation. This in turn is determined by two factors, whether the persons death was rapid or slow and the rate of decline of the pH of the pe ...
... with an average of 620 cc. As pointed out above, a major factor determining the quantity of liquid blood in the postmortem period is the state of postmortem coagulation. This in turn is determined by two factors, whether the persons death was rapid or slow and the rate of decline of the pH of the pe ...
Articulate - WordPress.com
... • Slow twitch muscle fibres contract more slowly, but can sustain contractions for longer. These muscle fibres are good for endurance activities like long distance running, cycling or crosscountry skiing. Slow twitch muscle fibres rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP and have many mitochondri ...
... • Slow twitch muscle fibres contract more slowly, but can sustain contractions for longer. These muscle fibres are good for endurance activities like long distance running, cycling or crosscountry skiing. Slow twitch muscle fibres rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP and have many mitochondri ...
chapter_5_Mod_2009
... The “pressure” created by this concentration gradient drive the diffusion of the protons. ...
... The “pressure” created by this concentration gradient drive the diffusion of the protons. ...
Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
... UA-ketones, urine reducing substances, hold for OA/AAs Newborn scrn results LP- r/o Meningitis, but send lactate STAT, AAs, hold tubes for future Drug tox screen if indicated. **Hold spun blood or urine sample in fridge for later if possbile. – **ABG, Lactate are iced STAT ...
... UA-ketones, urine reducing substances, hold for OA/AAs Newborn scrn results LP- r/o Meningitis, but send lactate STAT, AAs, hold tubes for future Drug tox screen if indicated. **Hold spun blood or urine sample in fridge for later if possbile. – **ABG, Lactate are iced STAT ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-12
... reserves of ATP, CP, and glycogen Moderate activity: Glucose and fatty acids are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to power contraction Peak activity: Most ATP is produced through glycolysis, with lactic acid as a by-product. Mitochondria activity (not shown) now provides only about one-thir ...
... reserves of ATP, CP, and glycogen Moderate activity: Glucose and fatty acids are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to power contraction Peak activity: Most ATP is produced through glycolysis, with lactic acid as a by-product. Mitochondria activity (not shown) now provides only about one-thir ...
Nucleotide File
... A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+). In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be radiolabeled with radionuclides to yield radionucleotides. ...
... A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+). In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be radiolabeled with radionuclides to yield radionucleotides. ...
The end products of aerobic respiration are?
... Cellular Respiration: The pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules that enters into them. It provides that energy for the essential processes of life. So the living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It can be in the presence of oxygen that is Aerobic R ...
... Cellular Respiration: The pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules that enters into them. It provides that energy for the essential processes of life. So the living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It can be in the presence of oxygen that is Aerobic R ...
Guide 15
... A breakthrough came when Carl Woese and his colleagues began to cluster prokarotes into taxonomic groups based on comparisons of nucleic acid sequences. Especially useful was the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) because all organisms have ribosomes. ...
... A breakthrough came when Carl Woese and his colleagues began to cluster prokarotes into taxonomic groups based on comparisons of nucleic acid sequences. Especially useful was the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) because all organisms have ribosomes. ...
Biochemical Pathways
... group is added to the AMP, a molecule of ADP (diphosphate) is formed. The ADP, with the addition of more energy, is able to bond to a third phosphate group and form ATP. (The addition of phosphate to a molecule is called a phosphorylation reaction.) The covalent bond that attaches the second phospha ...
... group is added to the AMP, a molecule of ADP (diphosphate) is formed. The ADP, with the addition of more energy, is able to bond to a third phosphate group and form ATP. (The addition of phosphate to a molecule is called a phosphorylation reaction.) The covalent bond that attaches the second phospha ...
EXAMPLES OF “STEP
... 16. The patient with complaints of permanent Hyperglycemia,polyuria and increased concentration of revealed. What disease is the most likely? A. Steroid diabetes * B. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus C. Myxoedema D. Type I glycogenosis E. Addison's disease ...
... 16. The patient with complaints of permanent Hyperglycemia,polyuria and increased concentration of revealed. What disease is the most likely? A. Steroid diabetes * B. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus C. Myxoedema D. Type I glycogenosis E. Addison's disease ...
Biochemistry Lect 4 – N.42 – Lipid metabolism
... dietary lipids are carried to liver. From the liver, they are transported to cell in bound form with albumin. (b) Endogenous sources As mentioned above, free fatty acids formed from body TG are used for energy production. Though the plasma free fatty acid level is lower than blood glucose level they ...
... dietary lipids are carried to liver. From the liver, they are transported to cell in bound form with albumin. (b) Endogenous sources As mentioned above, free fatty acids formed from body TG are used for energy production. Though the plasma free fatty acid level is lower than blood glucose level they ...
BCHEM 254 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES II Lecture
... Nitrogen Bases: There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids: purines and pyrimidines. Purines consist of two fused nitrogen-containing rings with a total of nine ring atoms. Pyridmidines have only a six-membered nitrogencontaining ring. Purines and pyrimidines are "flat", hydr ...
... Nitrogen Bases: There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids: purines and pyrimidines. Purines consist of two fused nitrogen-containing rings with a total of nine ring atoms. Pyridmidines have only a six-membered nitrogencontaining ring. Purines and pyrimidines are "flat", hydr ...
1 fructose intolerance
... of Dental Surgery, was admitted to the Presbyterian Hospital in late 1904 where Ernest E. Irons, a 27-year-old intern, obtained a history and performed routine physical, blood, and urine examinations. • He noticed that Noel's blood smear contained 'many pear-shaped and elongated forms' and alerted h ...
... of Dental Surgery, was admitted to the Presbyterian Hospital in late 1904 where Ernest E. Irons, a 27-year-old intern, obtained a history and performed routine physical, blood, and urine examinations. • He noticed that Noel's blood smear contained 'many pear-shaped and elongated forms' and alerted h ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑