Q1. Babies find it difficult to digest proteins in their food. Baby food
... A baby food manufacturer uses enzyme V to pre-digest protein. He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to predigest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration o ...
... A baby food manufacturer uses enzyme V to pre-digest protein. He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to predigest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration o ...
darkreactions
... Not much Last reaction is specific to Calvin cycle Others are found in gluconeogenesis or pentose phosphate pathway or both In this direction these reactions require the NADPH and ATP derived from the light reactions of photosynthesis ...
... Not much Last reaction is specific to Calvin cycle Others are found in gluconeogenesis or pentose phosphate pathway or both In this direction these reactions require the NADPH and ATP derived from the light reactions of photosynthesis ...
Purified Mouse Anti-ATP Synthase α — 612516
... ATP synthase is a large enzyme complex that uses an electrochemical H+ or Na+ gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi, providing the organism with the ATP needed for energy. The complex consists of two major units, F0 and F1. F0 is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and, due to it ...
... ATP synthase is a large enzyme complex that uses an electrochemical H+ or Na+ gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi, providing the organism with the ATP needed for energy. The complex consists of two major units, F0 and F1. F0 is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and, due to it ...
Lecture 20
... ADP + P Energy from ATP is released when a phosphate bond is broken. This energy fuels the body’s work. ...
... ADP + P Energy from ATP is released when a phosphate bond is broken. This energy fuels the body’s work. ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 23: Phospholipid Biosynthesis
... whereas triacylglycerols are stored as the bodies main energy reserve. Phosphatidic acid itself tends to disrupt bilayer structure, and must be modified by adding a polar headgroup. The head group is a hydroxyl or alcohol compound that forms an ester bond with the phosphate of phospahtidic acid. The ...
... whereas triacylglycerols are stored as the bodies main energy reserve. Phosphatidic acid itself tends to disrupt bilayer structure, and must be modified by adding a polar headgroup. The head group is a hydroxyl or alcohol compound that forms an ester bond with the phosphate of phospahtidic acid. The ...
Nehru Arts Science and College Reaccredited with “A” Grade by
... (1) The active site is complementary in shape to that of substance only after interaction. (2) The active site is complementary in shape to that of substance (3)Substrates change conformation prior to active site interaction (4) The active site is flexible and adjusts to substrate 9. In enzyme kinet ...
... (1) The active site is complementary in shape to that of substance only after interaction. (2) The active site is complementary in shape to that of substance (3)Substrates change conformation prior to active site interaction (4) The active site is flexible and adjusts to substrate 9. In enzyme kinet ...
Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Practice
... pumps are often called ATPases although they don't often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, so the cells must keep the calcium concentration quite low. Muscle cells also ...
... pumps are often called ATPases although they don't often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, so the cells must keep the calcium concentration quite low. Muscle cells also ...
Topic 7 - FSU Biology
... Energy coupling is extremely common in biological systems. By far, the most common coupling reaction is the reaction which involves the hydrolysis of a compound known as ATP, adenosine triphosphate: ATP ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi) fig. 6.8- ATP is very unstable and is spontaneously hydrolyzed b ...
... Energy coupling is extremely common in biological systems. By far, the most common coupling reaction is the reaction which involves the hydrolysis of a compound known as ATP, adenosine triphosphate: ATP ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi) fig. 6.8- ATP is very unstable and is spontaneously hydrolyzed b ...
Topic 7: METABOLISM: THERMODYNAMICS, CHEMICAL
... exergonic reaction and the role of ATP in biological systems. 5. Understand the principle of mass action. 6. Draw a free energy diagram to explain the concept of activation energy (Ea) and then show the impact of enzymatic catalysis on Ea. 7. Understand the concepts of enzyme velocity, maximal veloc ...
... exergonic reaction and the role of ATP in biological systems. 5. Understand the principle of mass action. 6. Draw a free energy diagram to explain the concept of activation energy (Ea) and then show the impact of enzymatic catalysis on Ea. 7. Understand the concepts of enzyme velocity, maximal veloc ...
Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
Seminars in Cancer Biology Mitochondria in cancer: Not just
... acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase [10–13]. Importantly, TCA cycle-derived citrate is the only source for the cytosolic acetyl-CoA required for lipid biosynthesis (Fig. 1). Increased protein production involves de novo synthesis of non-essential amino acids. Both glucose and glutamine, h ...
... acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase [10–13]. Importantly, TCA cycle-derived citrate is the only source for the cytosolic acetyl-CoA required for lipid biosynthesis (Fig. 1). Increased protein production involves de novo synthesis of non-essential amino acids. Both glucose and glutamine, h ...
Metabolism of fat File
... • The term β -oxidation means the oxidation takes place in the β -carbon in the fatty acid with the removal of 2 carbon atoms at a time from the carboxyl end of the molecule. • The saturated fatty acids containing even number and odd number of carbon atoms and the unsaturated fatty acids are oxidize ...
... • The term β -oxidation means the oxidation takes place in the β -carbon in the fatty acid with the removal of 2 carbon atoms at a time from the carboxyl end of the molecule. • The saturated fatty acids containing even number and odd number of carbon atoms and the unsaturated fatty acids are oxidize ...
BCH 405 – REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSES
... least, be regulated very simply by the availability of substrate. A reduction insubstrate conc. will decrease the activity of the enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. Similarly, an increase in (S) could stimulate the path ...
... least, be regulated very simply by the availability of substrate. A reduction insubstrate conc. will decrease the activity of the enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. Similarly, an increase in (S) could stimulate the path ...
PPT
... • An artifcial e- donor, phenylenediamine, is used to reduce the cytochrome oxidase • If the enzyme is present, the colorless reagent (reduced state) will turn blue (oxidized state) ...
... • An artifcial e- donor, phenylenediamine, is used to reduce the cytochrome oxidase • If the enzyme is present, the colorless reagent (reduced state) will turn blue (oxidized state) ...
4.2.1 Liver MS - Mrs Miller`s Blog
... long loop of Henlé or/ deep / wide, medulla ; very low water potential in medulla / AW ; A higher concentration of salts collecting duct more permeable to water ; large number of, water permeable channels / aquaporins, in collecting duct ; more sensitive to ADH / more ADH produced ; AVP ; e.g. other ...
... long loop of Henlé or/ deep / wide, medulla ; very low water potential in medulla / AW ; A higher concentration of salts collecting duct more permeable to water ; large number of, water permeable channels / aquaporins, in collecting duct ; more sensitive to ADH / more ADH produced ; AVP ; e.g. other ...
Pathways - PharmaStreet
... several building blocks of the same type, or by using a mixture of different building blocks. • Many of secondary metabolites also contain one or more sugar units in their structure. • To appreciate how a natural product is elaborated, it is of value to be able: 1. To dissect its structure into the ...
... several building blocks of the same type, or by using a mixture of different building blocks. • Many of secondary metabolites also contain one or more sugar units in their structure. • To appreciate how a natural product is elaborated, it is of value to be able: 1. To dissect its structure into the ...
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key
... (E), measured in volts (V), to represent the electron affinity of a given conjugate redox pair. Analogous to biochemical standard conditions that define Gibbs Free Energy, Gº', (25ºC, pH 7 and 1 M initial concentration of substrates and products), the term Eº' refers to the biochemical standard redu ...
... (E), measured in volts (V), to represent the electron affinity of a given conjugate redox pair. Analogous to biochemical standard conditions that define Gibbs Free Energy, Gº', (25ºC, pH 7 and 1 M initial concentration of substrates and products), the term Eº' refers to the biochemical standard redu ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... The hypoglycemic effect of alcohol, probably caused by inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, is well known. [7] Alcohol is metabolized mainly in the liver in two stages and catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), with Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) ...
... The hypoglycemic effect of alcohol, probably caused by inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, is well known. [7] Alcohol is metabolized mainly in the liver in two stages and catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), with Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) ...
Name Biology Chemistry of Life What can reduce the effect of a
... solvent – chemical reactions take place in water; many substances dissolve in water and can be transported; high boiling point making liquid water available to organisms / water is liquid over a range of temperatures; water is most dense at 4°C so ice floats over water providing winter habitat; high ...
... solvent – chemical reactions take place in water; many substances dissolve in water and can be transported; high boiling point making liquid water available to organisms / water is liquid over a range of temperatures; water is most dense at 4°C so ice floats over water providing winter habitat; high ...
EnteraLite Infinity Feeding Pump Combats Metabolic Hypoglycemia
... At four months of age, A.N. had a hypoglycemic seizure and was subsequently diagnosed with Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD 1a) type 1a, also known as von Gierke’s disease. GSD is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in a deficiency of glycogen-6-phosphate (G-6-P) enzyme; carbohydrate ...
... At four months of age, A.N. had a hypoglycemic seizure and was subsequently diagnosed with Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD 1a) type 1a, also known as von Gierke’s disease. GSD is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in a deficiency of glycogen-6-phosphate (G-6-P) enzyme; carbohydrate ...
Examples from metabolism of xenobiotics
... 1) utilizable substances can enter the body´s intermediary metabolism (e.g. ethanol → energy) 2) unutilizable substances are transformed to more water soluble products and excreted with the urine (small molecules: to Mr ∼ 300) bile → stool (larger molecules) ...
... 1) utilizable substances can enter the body´s intermediary metabolism (e.g. ethanol → energy) 2) unutilizable substances are transformed to more water soluble products and excreted with the urine (small molecules: to Mr ∼ 300) bile → stool (larger molecules) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑