Activated B Complex
... When viewing the Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 1), it is evident how vital the B group vitamins are as cofactors for the function of this pathway. If the body is deficient in any of these integral nutrients due to poor supply, reduced absorption or increased demand, it is clear how energy production and ...
... When viewing the Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 1), it is evident how vital the B group vitamins are as cofactors for the function of this pathway. If the body is deficient in any of these integral nutrients due to poor supply, reduced absorption or increased demand, it is clear how energy production and ...
(a) (c)
... • stays in nucleus. • contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). • is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction . ...
... • stays in nucleus. • contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). • is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction . ...
Rubisco
... • Because the initial trapping of CO2 in C4 metabolism involved PEP carboxylase and the production of oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound), it is called C4 metabolism. • PEP carboxylase utilizes HCO3-, which is structurally distinct from CO2 and O2. • Moving Calvin cycle to bundle sheath cell will ...
... • Because the initial trapping of CO2 in C4 metabolism involved PEP carboxylase and the production of oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound), it is called C4 metabolism. • PEP carboxylase utilizes HCO3-, which is structurally distinct from CO2 and O2. • Moving Calvin cycle to bundle sheath cell will ...
Lecture 27
... Friday: Ketogenic vs. glucogenic (or both) amino acids-what common metabolites do this amino acids go towards? ...
... Friday: Ketogenic vs. glucogenic (or both) amino acids-what common metabolites do this amino acids go towards? ...
O - Batavia CSD
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
Chapter6
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
metabolism of amino acids
... • Negative nitrogen balance – output exceeds intakeduring surgery, advanced cancer or malnutrition ...
... • Negative nitrogen balance – output exceeds intakeduring surgery, advanced cancer or malnutrition ...
Systems-level metabolic flux profiling identifies fatty acid synthesis as a target for anti-viral therapy.
... extent (Figs. 2e,f). This suggested that some of the carbon passing from glucose to citrate was redirected from the TCA cycle. Citrate, in addition to being a TCA cycle intermediate, also shuttles two carbon units from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, where they are used for fatty acid and choleste ...
... extent (Figs. 2e,f). This suggested that some of the carbon passing from glucose to citrate was redirected from the TCA cycle. Citrate, in addition to being a TCA cycle intermediate, also shuttles two carbon units from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, where they are used for fatty acid and choleste ...
Quiz 2 Review Sheet
... formed. You should be able to draw this chemical reaction. 10. Describe the difference between alpha and beta glucose, and explain why these two different forms exist. 11. What does the word “carbohydrate” mean literally, and why do we use this word to describe the kinds of molecules that we do? 12. ...
... formed. You should be able to draw this chemical reaction. 10. Describe the difference between alpha and beta glucose, and explain why these two different forms exist. 11. What does the word “carbohydrate” mean literally, and why do we use this word to describe the kinds of molecules that we do? 12. ...
Hereditary mitochondrial diseases disorders of mitochondrial fatty
... A3243G mtDNA mutation within the tRNALeu gene Type 1 or type 2 diabetes All carriers develop diabetes or IGT before the age of 70 years: 100% penetrance Progressive, most patients will require insulin Impaired hearing, reflected by a reduced perception of high tone frequencies Mitochondrial function ...
... A3243G mtDNA mutation within the tRNALeu gene Type 1 or type 2 diabetes All carriers develop diabetes or IGT before the age of 70 years: 100% penetrance Progressive, most patients will require insulin Impaired hearing, reflected by a reduced perception of high tone frequencies Mitochondrial function ...
Practice - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic energy, which is essential to normal brain development. • Newborns are routinelly tested for blood concentration of Phe. • The diet with low-phenylalanine diet. ...
... down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic energy, which is essential to normal brain development. • Newborns are routinelly tested for blood concentration of Phe. • The diet with low-phenylalanine diet. ...
26_Lecture - Ventura College
... ATP reacts slowly in the absence of enzymes because the negative charges on ATP decrease leaving ability In an enzyme active site, positive centers decrease the overall negative charge ...
... ATP reacts slowly in the absence of enzymes because the negative charges on ATP decrease leaving ability In an enzyme active site, positive centers decrease the overall negative charge ...
Decarboxylation Reactions Major concepts Decarboxylation
... When a carboxylate is “Beta” to a carbonyl, spontaneous decarboxylation can result and requires no cofactor. When a carboxylate is “Alpha” to a carbonyl, decarboxylation requries a cofactor called Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to stabilize the intermediates in the reaction (electron sink.) When ...
... When a carboxylate is “Beta” to a carbonyl, spontaneous decarboxylation can result and requires no cofactor. When a carboxylate is “Alpha” to a carbonyl, decarboxylation requries a cofactor called Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to stabilize the intermediates in the reaction (electron sink.) When ...
Fatty acids - Haverford Alchemy
... 24.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport • Fatty acids released from adipose tissue associate with albumin, a protein found in blood plasma that binds up to 10 fatty acid molecules per protein molecule. • All other lipids are carried by lipoproteins. • Because lipids are less dense than proteins, the ...
... 24.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport • Fatty acids released from adipose tissue associate with albumin, a protein found in blood plasma that binds up to 10 fatty acid molecules per protein molecule. • All other lipids are carried by lipoproteins. • Because lipids are less dense than proteins, the ...
cyt c - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... • Exchange of ATP for ADP causes a change in Y due to net export of –1 charge • Some of the energy generated from the proton gradient (PMF) is used here • Pi is imported into the matrix with a proton using a symport. • Because negative charge on the phosphate is canceled by positive charge on proto ...
... • Exchange of ATP for ADP causes a change in Y due to net export of –1 charge • Some of the energy generated from the proton gradient (PMF) is used here • Pi is imported into the matrix with a proton using a symport. • Because negative charge on the phosphate is canceled by positive charge on proto ...
Muscles
... • reacts with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite • the cleavage of peroxy bond (O-O) can occur in two ways ...
... • reacts with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite • the cleavage of peroxy bond (O-O) can occur in two ways ...
Chapter 25: Urinary System
... • Storage of excess fuels occur in hepatocytes, adipocytes & skeletal muscle – most glucose entering liver cells is converted to glycogen (10%) or triglycerides (40%) – dietary lipids are stored in adipose tissue – amino acids are deaminated to enter Krebs cycle or are converted to glucose or fatty ...
... • Storage of excess fuels occur in hepatocytes, adipocytes & skeletal muscle – most glucose entering liver cells is converted to glycogen (10%) or triglycerides (40%) – dietary lipids are stored in adipose tissue – amino acids are deaminated to enter Krebs cycle or are converted to glucose or fatty ...
ENZYMES (Basic Concepts and Kinetics) (Chapter 8)
... reached and therefore Vmax and hence KM values calculated from this graph are somewhat approximate. ...
... reached and therefore Vmax and hence KM values calculated from this graph are somewhat approximate. ...
B2.5 Proteins objectives
... bladder before being released into the small intestine. Bile neutralises the acid that was added to food in the stomach. This provides alkaline conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively. 9. Know that some microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of the cells. These ...
... bladder before being released into the small intestine. Bile neutralises the acid that was added to food in the stomach. This provides alkaline conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively. 9. Know that some microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of the cells. These ...
Liver Physiology - e-safe
... Effects of anaesthesia on liver function Inhalational anaesthetics affect carbohydrate metabolism in several ways. Ether, unlike the newer agents, enhances the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Halothane has been shown experimentally, to decrease the rate of glycogenesis, inhibit insulin release a ...
... Effects of anaesthesia on liver function Inhalational anaesthetics affect carbohydrate metabolism in several ways. Ether, unlike the newer agents, enhances the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Halothane has been shown experimentally, to decrease the rate of glycogenesis, inhibit insulin release a ...
- humans ingest more proteins than needed for replacement of
... - any amino acid that can be degraded to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediate can serve as precursor in liver for synthesis of glucose (glycogenic or gluconeogenic) - some amino acids (try, phe) only part of their carbon skeleton can be used to synthesize glucose because the remainder is conve ...
... - any amino acid that can be degraded to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediate can serve as precursor in liver for synthesis of glucose (glycogenic or gluconeogenic) - some amino acids (try, phe) only part of their carbon skeleton can be used to synthesize glucose because the remainder is conve ...
Protein Metabolism
... 4- Amines: dietary or body monomine by the action of amine oxidase, NH3 is generated. 5- Purines/Pyrimidines: Catabolism of Pu./Py., NH2 attached to the rings is released as NH3. 6- Non-Oxidative deamination of A.As.: Asn, Cys, Gln, His, Ser and Thr. The reaction starts with removal of H2O (dehydrat ...
... 4- Amines: dietary or body monomine by the action of amine oxidase, NH3 is generated. 5- Purines/Pyrimidines: Catabolism of Pu./Py., NH2 attached to the rings is released as NH3. 6- Non-Oxidative deamination of A.As.: Asn, Cys, Gln, His, Ser and Thr. The reaction starts with removal of H2O (dehydrat ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑