The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background - Rose
... involves the transfer of high-energy bonds from one compound to another. This transfer mechanism is necessary. If the first reaction, the loss of the coenzyme A, occurred as a simple hydrolysis step, the formation of GTP from GDP would be thermodynamically unfavorable. Instead, the energy of the suc ...
... involves the transfer of high-energy bonds from one compound to another. This transfer mechanism is necessary. If the first reaction, the loss of the coenzyme A, occurred as a simple hydrolysis step, the formation of GTP from GDP would be thermodynamically unfavorable. Instead, the energy of the suc ...
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... regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It is provided by a teacher for his students, but is well-done and engaging enough to be useful for other students. This tutorial reviews the process of cellular respiration which is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in th ...
... regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It is provided by a teacher for his students, but is well-done and engaging enough to be useful for other students. This tutorial reviews the process of cellular respiration which is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in th ...
Ketoacidosis - Wellington ICU
... - when hepatic glycogen stores are exhausted (eg after 12-24 hours of total fasting), the liver produces ketones to provide an energy substrate for peripheral tissues. - ketoacidosis can appear after an overnight fast but it typically requires 3 to 14 days of starvation to reach maximal severity. - ...
... - when hepatic glycogen stores are exhausted (eg after 12-24 hours of total fasting), the liver produces ketones to provide an energy substrate for peripheral tissues. - ketoacidosis can appear after an overnight fast but it typically requires 3 to 14 days of starvation to reach maximal severity. - ...
Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP: The main molecule used by cells for
... by process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell if oxygen is low or if blood sugar is high. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA): A short chain omega-3 fatty acid that is essential in our diets and is found in small amounts in green leaves and is concentrated by animals that eat grass and is also found ...
... by process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell if oxygen is low or if blood sugar is high. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA): A short chain omega-3 fatty acid that is essential in our diets and is found in small amounts in green leaves and is concentrated by animals that eat grass and is also found ...
Chapter 26 Outline Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen
... We won’t cover the specific biosynthetic pathways, many of which occur only in plants or microorganisms. ...
... We won’t cover the specific biosynthetic pathways, many of which occur only in plants or microorganisms. ...
Document
... nitrogenase system is reduced ferredoxin. Reduced ferredoxin passes electrons directly to nitrogenase reductase. A total of six electrons is required to reduce N2 to 2 NH4+, and another two electrons are consumed in the obligatory reduction of 2 H+ to H2. Nitrogenase reductase transfers e- to nitrog ...
... nitrogenase system is reduced ferredoxin. Reduced ferredoxin passes electrons directly to nitrogenase reductase. A total of six electrons is required to reduce N2 to 2 NH4+, and another two electrons are consumed in the obligatory reduction of 2 H+ to H2. Nitrogenase reductase transfers e- to nitrog ...
Chapter 9
... but not 100% in synchronicity So there isn’t an exact correlation between NADH (or FADH) and ATP production 1 NADH synthesizes 2.5 – 3.3 ATP 1 FADH synthesizes 1.5 – 2 ATP ...
... but not 100% in synchronicity So there isn’t an exact correlation between NADH (or FADH) and ATP production 1 NADH synthesizes 2.5 – 3.3 ATP 1 FADH synthesizes 1.5 – 2 ATP ...
Cardiopulminary Training
... Then exercise has to stop or slow down. Recovers after about 3 min of rest ...
... Then exercise has to stop or slow down. Recovers after about 3 min of rest ...
Assay the Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in Serum
... and whether there has been any tissue damage. (why?) ...
... and whether there has been any tissue damage. (why?) ...
Enzymes - Catawba County Schools
... Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a r ...
... Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a r ...
ENERGY CURRENCY
... converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is officially NADH + H+. (In this discussion, it will be ...
... converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is officially NADH + H+. (In this discussion, it will be ...
PHARMACOLOGY (and other important compounds) Hey, Here is a
... - in the subendothelial cell matrix, exposed when injured - platelets have receptor that binds collagen -aggregation around exposed collagen - collagen is highly thrombogenic ...
... - in the subendothelial cell matrix, exposed when injured - platelets have receptor that binds collagen -aggregation around exposed collagen - collagen is highly thrombogenic ...
The Photosynthetic Dark Reactions Do Not Operate
... carbon fixation enzymes can and do operate in the dark, even though most college-level botany and plant physiology texts correctly present the story (Salisbury & Ross 1992; Taiz & Zeiger 1991). There are three pathways by which plants can fix atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrate. When discussing photos ...
... carbon fixation enzymes can and do operate in the dark, even though most college-level botany and plant physiology texts correctly present the story (Salisbury & Ross 1992; Taiz & Zeiger 1991). There are three pathways by which plants can fix atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrate. When discussing photos ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... There are factors that can affect an enzyme: 1. Temperature Each enzyme has an optimal temperature range. At low temperatures the enzyme works slowly At high temps they may denature (break down) and not work correctly. ...
... There are factors that can affect an enzyme: 1. Temperature Each enzyme has an optimal temperature range. At low temperatures the enzyme works slowly At high temps they may denature (break down) and not work correctly. ...
Contents
... reaches down to the cellular level, exposing details of the various cell organelles, including nuclei and other particles. Biochemistry, however, works at a still finer level that cannot be accessed by the ultra-modern optical or phase-contrast microscopes. In other words, it operates at a molecular ...
... reaches down to the cellular level, exposing details of the various cell organelles, including nuclei and other particles. Biochemistry, however, works at a still finer level that cannot be accessed by the ultra-modern optical or phase-contrast microscopes. In other words, it operates at a molecular ...
Ch 18
... acetoacetate by a pathway whose first two steps are identical to those of valine degradation (Figure 18‐11). The third step is the same as the first step of fatty acid oxidation. The fourth step involves an ATP‐ dependent carboxylation, the fifth step is a hydration, and the last step is a clea ...
... acetoacetate by a pathway whose first two steps are identical to those of valine degradation (Figure 18‐11). The third step is the same as the first step of fatty acid oxidation. The fourth step involves an ATP‐ dependent carboxylation, the fifth step is a hydration, and the last step is a clea ...
Energy - Exercise Sciences!
... membrane transport mechanisms, and changes in substrate availability (a) Enzymes—inactivate rate limiting enzymes (b) Membranes—affect carriers in membrane or permeability of the membrane (c) Substrate—glycogen breakdown to glucose is slowed and fatty acid utilization is decreased. Use of phosphocre ...
... membrane transport mechanisms, and changes in substrate availability (a) Enzymes—inactivate rate limiting enzymes (b) Membranes—affect carriers in membrane or permeability of the membrane (c) Substrate—glycogen breakdown to glucose is slowed and fatty acid utilization is decreased. Use of phosphocre ...
2/1/12 Metabolism
... 4.8 Glycolysis • Two reaction series are linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs: fermentation and respiration (Figure 4.13) • Differ in mechanism of ATP synthesis – Fermentation: substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate – Respiration: ox ...
... 4.8 Glycolysis • Two reaction series are linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs: fermentation and respiration (Figure 4.13) • Differ in mechanism of ATP synthesis – Fermentation: substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate – Respiration: ox ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑