Download Quiz 2 Review Sheet

Exam 4 Review Sheet
AP Biology
USE THIS SHEET AFTER YOU HAVE STUDIED AS A METHOD OF EVALUATING WHAT YOU
STILL NEED TO WORK ON…OR DO WHAT YOU ARE LIKELY TO DO, WHICH IS WHATEVER
YOU WANT. SERIOUSLY, STUDY FIRST AND THEN FLY THROUGH MOST OF THESE.
Exam 4 will cover:
Chapter 4 – questions below and all questions on last exam
Chapter 5 – Up to end of proteins
Make sure you look at ALL the questions in all chapters as well as bold words,
headings and figures, the PowerPoint, and this review sheet.
**I posted a macromolecule review chart online.
CHAPTER 4
1. Make sure you know the questions from the last exam!!
2. Know the various types of isomers and how to draw them.
3. Be able to draw molecules in 3D and describe their shape - THERE IS A REVIEW
SHEET ONLINE UNDER THE NOTES TAB!!
4. Where did all the elements on the periodic table come from if the Universe started with
99% hydrogen and only a bit of helium and lithium?
5. Know the functional group table in the textbook along with the sulfhydrl and
phosphate in terms of how to draw them, their properties, etc... Be able to draw a
molecule with the functional groups like was asked of you on Exam 3.
6. Explain glucose energy
7. Explain how and why wood/glucose/candles/etc… burn and why in order for
these things to burn, molecular oxygen needs to be present. Why does this process
generate so much heat and light. Why does water and carbon dioxide not burn? Your
explanations need to be specific on the molecular level.
CHAPTER 5
1. What is meant by a macromolecule? List each and its general function in organisms.
2. Compare monomers to polymers. Know the terms dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer,
etc…
3. Describe the structure of ATP and explain why this molecule has available (free)
energy. What is the role (function) of ATP in the cell? There are two obvious roles. What
type of monomer is ATP? What polymer is it used to build?
4. Explain the two reactions used to build (anabolic, synthesis) and break (catabolic,
digest) the macromolecules. – you should be able to draw these using spheres just like the
figure in the textbook and powerpoint.
5. You will need to be able to draw the following monomers: cysteine and two additional
amino acids from the other two groups, and glucose. You will also need to be able to
draw dimers of these, etc…
6. Compare and contrast monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. In
addition, be able to give examples of each. All together these are called what?
7. Be able to draw a chart indicating the various combinations of monosaccharides and
their respective disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose).
8. Be able to draw the ring structure of glucose as well as any glucose disaccharide like
maltose.
9. Describe how two glucose molecules join together and the type of linkage that is
formed. You should be able to draw this chemical reaction.
10. Describe the difference between alpha and beta glucose, and explain why these two
different forms exist.
11. What does the word “carbohydrate” mean literally, and why do we use this word to
describe the kinds of molecules that we do?
12. Discuss what is meant by the empirical formula [CH2O]n
13. Look at the structure of ANY monosaccharide. What functional group is attached to
every carbon except one? What functional group is that other carbon a part of?
14. If I told you to draw C6H12O6, what should your response be?
15. Make sure you can identify different glycosidic linkages when looking at
disaccharides. Ex. Beta 1,4 vs alpha 1,6 etc…
16. Compare and contrast the three polysaccharides discussed in class. Include their
structures, why they have the same or different structures, where they are found in the
world, their functions in organisms, how structure relates to function in this case, etc…
17. Cellulose is considered “fiber”. Like when the commercials on TV say that Cheerios
is high in “fiber”. What is fiber? Why is cellulose called or at least part of what we call
“fiber”? What is the benefit of insoluble fiber if we cannot digest it?
18. Why are most animals not able to hydrolyze cellulose, but can hydrolyze glycogen
and starch when all three are just polymers of glucose? How are some animals able to
hydrolyze cellulose?
19. Explain what happens to plant starch when you eat it (like if you eat a potato).
20. Why are some people considered to be lactose intolerant? What does this mean and
why is it a problem?
21. Are glycogen, starch and cellulose the only three polysaccharides found in
organisms? Explain. What is the fourth one discussed in class and where is it found?
22. What is the function of glucose? Basically, what do organisms use glucose monomers
for? Why do we store them? Where do humans store them?
23. If there is too much glucose in your blood, how does your body handle this? Where
does it end up? Where might this surge in glucose have come from?
24. For every polymer we eat (disaccharides, polysaccharides, polypeptides, etc…), we
need to have a ___________________ somewhere in our digestive tract to hydrolyze it.
This may seem obvious, but we eat cells (unless you are eating processed food, which
case the cells have already been destroyed and broken apart) of other organisms. There
we eat macromolecule or at least polymers for the most part. We need to hydrolyze them.
Why? Why not just keep them together?
25. Describe structure of chitin and where it is found in nature.
26. Know the kingdoms with organisms that have cell walls and the composition of these
walls in each:
Monera (prokaryotes/bacteria) – peptidoglycan cell walls
Fungi – chitin cell walls
Plants – cellulose cell walls
41. What is the monomer of the protein, how many are there, what makes each of these
different, how are they similar and how are they grouped (the three groups)? Can you
draw them yet and connect them via dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)?...you
need to be able to do this.
42. Where does the “amino acid” get its name?
43. Why do I feel that proteins are the most important class of macromolecules (they are
all important of course)?
44. Compare an amino acid, dipeptide, polypeptide, and protein.
45. Describe how a dipeptide is formed (Figure 3.13). What do we call the bond that links
them? How is this analogous to what happens with carbohydrates?
46. Describe the three groups of amino acids. Which group has the acidic and basic ones?
47. What determines the structure of a particular protein? Explain why. Of course, the
structure then determines the…
48. Explain why a change in the DNA might lead to problems.
48.5 Know sickle-cell anemia example really well. You should be able to use this
example to convince to me that mutations can be both positive and negative. Really well!
Notice how it is #48.5…that means I squeezed it in…I wonder why…be able to tells this
story on paper!!!!!
49. Describe in general terms what happens to a polypeptide (or any polymer for that
matter) when you eat it. What happens to it, what do you do with it, etc…
50. Describe the four levels of protein structure. I could ask another 15 questions about
each level… Know all the details we went over in class like when the side chains come
into play or when only the backbone is involved, hydrophobic vs hydrophilic side chains,
where different types of side chains are located in proteins typically, etc…
50.5. All alpha helices are right or left handed? This is because they are made with…
51. Explain why the levels of structure have little to do with actual protein folding in the
cytoplasm.
52. Explain, starting with a gene, how a protein is formed (The Central Dogma). Make
sure you include items like mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, nuclear pore, RNA polymerase,
amino acids, nucleus, etc… Basically, describe the central dogma.
53. Be able to identify the various secondary structure elements in a protein and circle
them if presented with a ribbon diagram.
55. Compare and contrast a polypeptide to a protein. When are they the same and when
would they be different?
56. What is meant by a subunit in a protein?
57. Explain what is meant by denature and renature. How and why do proteins denature?
You must be very specific. You cannot just say a lower pH than the protein evolved in
will cause it to denature…the question is WHY.
58. Know the functions of proteins. Know examples like hemoglobin, myosin, insulin,
insulin receptor, ATP synthase, photosystem II, antibodies, HIV protease, etc… and
under what category they would fall.
59. How small is a protein relative to the size of a cell? (use the analogy) How many
hemoglobin proteins are packed into a single red blood cell? How many red blood cells
do you have on average? How many oxygens can your blood carry if it were completely
saturated with oxygen?
64. What is a cofactor? Know the definition. Give an example.
65. Know who Linus Pauling was and what he did…
68. Describe what 3.6 and n+4 mean in terms of alpha helices.