The Effect of Alkaline pH on Growth and Metabolic
... basal medium in the fermenter. The pH was adjusted with sterile NaOH (5 M) or HCl(1 M). When Medium 2 was used at a pH value of 9 or less, the Na2C03content was reduced to 1.1 g I-'. Characterization tests. The following tests suggested by Sherman (1937) and by Deibel & Seeley (1974) for the differe ...
... basal medium in the fermenter. The pH was adjusted with sterile NaOH (5 M) or HCl(1 M). When Medium 2 was used at a pH value of 9 or less, the Na2C03content was reduced to 1.1 g I-'. Characterization tests. The following tests suggested by Sherman (1937) and by Deibel & Seeley (1974) for the differe ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost: erythrocyte
... anemia caused by hemolysis is increased erythrocyte production: reticulocytosis (reticulocytes normally comprise 0.5% to 2.5% of total erythrocytes). Reticulocytes still preserve cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes and mitochondria, and are thus capable of protein synthesis and the productio ...
... anemia caused by hemolysis is increased erythrocyte production: reticulocytosis (reticulocytes normally comprise 0.5% to 2.5% of total erythrocytes). Reticulocytes still preserve cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes and mitochondria, and are thus capable of protein synthesis and the productio ...
1. phylum: firmicutes - Fermentation-SN
... Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. The mycoplasmas, or Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, but are close relatives of Clostridium—many species, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, are pathogenic to humans. Micrococcus spp. differ from Staphylococcus in that they are obligate aerobes that are ...
... Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. The mycoplasmas, or Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, but are close relatives of Clostridium—many species, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, are pathogenic to humans. Micrococcus spp. differ from Staphylococcus in that they are obligate aerobes that are ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... own energy balance, it exports creatine to tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. These tissues have mechanisms for concentrative absorption of creatine from extracellular fluid and use creatine as an acceptor of the terminal high-energy phosphate group of ATP as governed by the action o ...
... own energy balance, it exports creatine to tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. These tissues have mechanisms for concentrative absorption of creatine from extracellular fluid and use creatine as an acceptor of the terminal high-energy phosphate group of ATP as governed by the action o ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... Anabolism makes larger molecules & requires energy Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds ...
... Anabolism makes larger molecules & requires energy Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds ...
An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Metabolic
... tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), which is the main mechanism for ATP production, aerobic glycolysis converts glucose mainly into lactate and produces less amount of ATP [28]. Besides this, these cells consume an excessive amount of glutamine, more than their actual needs, with a large portion m ...
... tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), which is the main mechanism for ATP production, aerobic glycolysis converts glucose mainly into lactate and produces less amount of ATP [28]. Besides this, these cells consume an excessive amount of glutamine, more than their actual needs, with a large portion m ...
Full Text
... pioneering transport studies, including the key contribution of Widdas [3] that glucose transport is mediated by a carrier that can alternately access the two sides of the membrane. An essential role for GLUT1 is keeping brain cells fueled with glucose; as the brain operates at ∼20 W [4], this metab ...
... pioneering transport studies, including the key contribution of Widdas [3] that glucose transport is mediated by a carrier that can alternately access the two sides of the membrane. An essential role for GLUT1 is keeping brain cells fueled with glucose; as the brain operates at ∼20 W [4], this metab ...
4. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS
... • During digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, the three major nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) undergo enzymatic hydrolysis into their building block components. • This is necessary for their absorption, since the cells lining the intestine are able to absorb them into ...
... • During digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, the three major nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) undergo enzymatic hydrolysis into their building block components. • This is necessary for their absorption, since the cells lining the intestine are able to absorb them into ...
Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors
... formed in matrix from: (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... formed in matrix from: (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Clinical Enzymology
... found in which tissues • Describe plasma enzyme changes in myocardial infarction and liver disease • Outline different ways of measuring plasma enzymes ...
... found in which tissues • Describe plasma enzyme changes in myocardial infarction and liver disease • Outline different ways of measuring plasma enzymes ...
AP Biology Review - Blue Valley Schools
... • DO stay focused on what the prompt is requiring you to do—it is all in the format of the question and how it is worded. Pay particular attention to words like these: o Discuss: give reasoning pro and con; analyze carefully o Analyze: summarize in detail with a selected focus o Explain: clarify and ...
... • DO stay focused on what the prompt is requiring you to do—it is all in the format of the question and how it is worded. Pay particular attention to words like these: o Discuss: give reasoning pro and con; analyze carefully o Analyze: summarize in detail with a selected focus o Explain: clarify and ...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins Biologists depend
... The lipids are the fats, oils, and waxes. Like carbohydrates, fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but the proportion of hydrogen to oxygen is not the same as in carbohydrates. Because lipids contain very little oxygen, they can yield large amounts of energy when combined with oxygen. Prot ...
... The lipids are the fats, oils, and waxes. Like carbohydrates, fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but the proportion of hydrogen to oxygen is not the same as in carbohydrates. Because lipids contain very little oxygen, they can yield large amounts of energy when combined with oxygen. Prot ...
Alpha-Lipoic Acid The Universal Antioxidant
... glucose disposal. This important coenzyme appears to be necessary for the normal transport of blood glucose into the cell. This may be explained by its functions in the glucose-metabolizing enzymes, PDH and alphaKGDH, but some researchers suspect a more direct role in cellular glucose uptake at the ...
... glucose disposal. This important coenzyme appears to be necessary for the normal transport of blood glucose into the cell. This may be explained by its functions in the glucose-metabolizing enzymes, PDH and alphaKGDH, but some researchers suspect a more direct role in cellular glucose uptake at the ...
Nitrogen Anabolism
... groups for synthesis of most other nitrogen-containing molecules (e.g., nucleotides) ...
... groups for synthesis of most other nitrogen-containing molecules (e.g., nucleotides) ...
Chapter 5
... A chemical reaction where a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to ADP. This requires a specific enzyme that can transfer the phosphate from this specific molecule to ADP. ...
... A chemical reaction where a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to ADP. This requires a specific enzyme that can transfer the phosphate from this specific molecule to ADP. ...
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
... Source of purine ring: aspartic acid, glycine, glutamine, CO2,N10-formylTHF Synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl-1pyrophosphate (PRPP) an activated pentose for synthesis of purine/pirimidine & salvage of purine bases catalyzed by PRPP synthetase, from ATP & ribose 5-phosphate this enzyme is activated ...
... Source of purine ring: aspartic acid, glycine, glutamine, CO2,N10-formylTHF Synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl-1pyrophosphate (PRPP) an activated pentose for synthesis of purine/pirimidine & salvage of purine bases catalyzed by PRPP synthetase, from ATP & ribose 5-phosphate this enzyme is activated ...
Protein kinase A
... cells. Most insulin- (red), glucagon- (green), and somatostatin- (cyan) immunoreactive cells are in close proximity to vascular cells immunoreactive for smooth muscle cell actin (blue). Endocrine cells are aligned along the blood vessels in a random order. (From Cabrera, O., Berman, D.M., Kenyon, N. ...
... cells. Most insulin- (red), glucagon- (green), and somatostatin- (cyan) immunoreactive cells are in close proximity to vascular cells immunoreactive for smooth muscle cell actin (blue). Endocrine cells are aligned along the blood vessels in a random order. (From Cabrera, O., Berman, D.M., Kenyon, N. ...
Unit three: - Life Science Academy
... The model must be 3-D with moveable parts. The model should be labeled clearly. The model must accurately show the role of insulin as it relates to glucose in the body. The model must accurately depict the role of the following terms in blood sugar regulation: ...
... The model must be 3-D with moveable parts. The model should be labeled clearly. The model must accurately show the role of insulin as it relates to glucose in the body. The model must accurately depict the role of the following terms in blood sugar regulation: ...
enzymology
... coli. This bacterium rapidly multiplies in a medium containing glucose. If lactose is also incorporated in this medium then this disaccharide remains unutilized by the bacterium till glucose is available. During this period the cells of E. coli do not possess the activity of enzymes needed for lacto ...
... coli. This bacterium rapidly multiplies in a medium containing glucose. If lactose is also incorporated in this medium then this disaccharide remains unutilized by the bacterium till glucose is available. During this period the cells of E. coli do not possess the activity of enzymes needed for lacto ...
Enzymes
... amount of substrate increases, but only up to a point. The rate levels off as more substrate is added (because you only have so much enzyme available to work on the substrate) ...
... amount of substrate increases, but only up to a point. The rate levels off as more substrate is added (because you only have so much enzyme available to work on the substrate) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑