01 - the role of national meteorological services in the p…
... eye on the sky and help factor the weather into the plans for the day. The records of the early civilisations of Australia, China, Egypt and Greece, among others, are rich in allusions to the public importance of the weather. Already by 340 BC, Aristotle had completed his remarkably comprehensive (i ...
... eye on the sky and help factor the weather into the plans for the day. The records of the early civilisations of Australia, China, Egypt and Greece, among others, are rich in allusions to the public importance of the weather. Already by 340 BC, Aristotle had completed his remarkably comprehensive (i ...
Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting
... option based on idealized cases for distributing pulverized silicate rocks in the tropics using multi-model ensemble projections (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP5) of twenty-firstcentury climate change9,10 . Our modelling framework includes climate–plant–soil linkages important for regul ...
... option based on idealized cases for distributing pulverized silicate rocks in the tropics using multi-model ensemble projections (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP5) of twenty-firstcentury climate change9,10 . Our modelling framework includes climate–plant–soil linkages important for regul ...
hewitson_regionalcl
... For example (empirical downscaling): if local temperature is well determined by synoptic scale sea level pressure (SLP), which shows minimal change into the future. An effective empirical downscaling may be derived, but, what if atmospheric moisture content goes up? The downscaled DT from SLP may be ...
... For example (empirical downscaling): if local temperature is well determined by synoptic scale sea level pressure (SLP), which shows minimal change into the future. An effective empirical downscaling may be derived, but, what if atmospheric moisture content goes up? The downscaled DT from SLP may be ...
PDF
... Dasgupta and Weitzman have shown that the saving rates implied by the Stern Review’s values for the rate of pure time preference and the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption are too high from either a normative (Dasgupta) or descriptive (Weitzman) perspective. Given the attention this d ...
... Dasgupta and Weitzman have shown that the saving rates implied by the Stern Review’s values for the rate of pure time preference and the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption are too high from either a normative (Dasgupta) or descriptive (Weitzman) perspective. Given the attention this d ...
Climate modelling in Bangladesh
... The Met Office Hadley Centre’s regional climate modelling system (PRECIS) can be easily applied anywhere on Earth. It is used to generate detailed regional climate change projections at either 50 km or 25 km horizontal resolution. It is an ideal tool for capacity building in developing countries suc ...
... The Met Office Hadley Centre’s regional climate modelling system (PRECIS) can be easily applied anywhere on Earth. It is used to generate detailed regional climate change projections at either 50 km or 25 km horizontal resolution. It is an ideal tool for capacity building in developing countries suc ...
Climate
... Simple linear regression analysis (using a least-squares approach) was used to calculate time dependent trends of meteorological variables for annual and seasonal (winter – Dec, Jan, Feb; spring – Mar, Apr, May; summer – Jun, Jul, Aug; fall – Sep, Oct, Nov) maximum and minimum temperature, diurnal t ...
... Simple linear regression analysis (using a least-squares approach) was used to calculate time dependent trends of meteorological variables for annual and seasonal (winter – Dec, Jan, Feb; spring – Mar, Apr, May; summer – Jun, Jul, Aug; fall – Sep, Oct, Nov) maximum and minimum temperature, diurnal t ...
Climate Extremes: Challenges in Estimating
... that are available for analysis. For example, all tropical cyclones that are classified as Category 1–5 storms on the Saffir-Simpson scale are considered to be extreme because of their high potential to cause damage from high winds, rainfall, and/ or storm surge flooding. These storms are an importa ...
... that are available for analysis. For example, all tropical cyclones that are classified as Category 1–5 storms on the Saffir-Simpson scale are considered to be extreme because of their high potential to cause damage from high winds, rainfall, and/ or storm surge flooding. These storms are an importa ...
Assessment of flash floods taking into account climate
... Mean annual rainfall in the catchment varies from 900 to 1100 mm in the headwater reaches and from 500 to 700 mm in the middle and lower reaches. However, large flood events are triggered by maximum rainfall exceeding at least 200 mm within a 24 h period. The majority of the largest floods over the ...
... Mean annual rainfall in the catchment varies from 900 to 1100 mm in the headwater reaches and from 500 to 700 mm in the middle and lower reaches. However, large flood events are triggered by maximum rainfall exceeding at least 200 mm within a 24 h period. The majority of the largest floods over the ...
The Relationship between Land–Ocean Surface Temperature
... (this may not be the case for a fully dynamical ocean), then the flux into the land due to radiative forcing must be reduced to a level that keeps the rate of land warming in step with ocean warming with only a small rapid change in LST. Hence, given that the atmosphere does not store significant he ...
... (this may not be the case for a fully dynamical ocean), then the flux into the land due to radiative forcing must be reduced to a level that keeps the rate of land warming in step with ocean warming with only a small rapid change in LST. Hence, given that the atmosphere does not store significant he ...
Uncertainties of Climate Observation Data and Simulation Modelling
... aerosol-induced atmospheric cooling holds a SAT increase (new estimates suggest the conclusion about a weaker manifestation of the aerosol impact); 4) the presence of the warming minima in the North Atlantic and in the circumpolar regions of the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere due to mixing in the ...
... aerosol-induced atmospheric cooling holds a SAT increase (new estimates suggest the conclusion about a weaker manifestation of the aerosol impact); 4) the presence of the warming minima in the North Atlantic and in the circumpolar regions of the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere due to mixing in the ...
Effect of climate change on air quality
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
Effect of climate change on air quality
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
2 Methods and Data - Santa Clara University
... GCM used in this study. We included only those 1 cells where at least 25% of the area ...
... GCM used in this study. We included only those 1 cells where at least 25% of the area ...
Global Warming and Terrestrial Biodiversity Decline: A
... to changing climates, the shifts imposed by global warming may exceed the capabilities of many species. For example, Dyer (1995) modelled migrations of trees dependent on wind or bird dispersal and concluded that even in relatively undisturbed landscapes, migration rates fell short of projected glob ...
... to changing climates, the shifts imposed by global warming may exceed the capabilities of many species. For example, Dyer (1995) modelled migrations of trees dependent on wind or bird dispersal and concluded that even in relatively undisturbed landscapes, migration rates fell short of projected glob ...
Extreme!Events!and!Climate!
... and 30°N-54°N, on extreme dates only, are used as input to the k-means algorithm. Objective techniques identify two preferred partitionings – one with three clusters and one with 7 clusters. The 3-cluster solution (Figure 1a) shows a deep trough with its axis aligned NE-SW from the Great Lakes into ...
... and 30°N-54°N, on extreme dates only, are used as input to the k-means algorithm. Objective techniques identify two preferred partitionings – one with three clusters and one with 7 clusters. The 3-cluster solution (Figure 1a) shows a deep trough with its axis aligned NE-SW from the Great Lakes into ...
Effect of climate change on air quality
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
... Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations d ...
Projecting future climate change: Implications of carbon cycle
... [5] Approaches that have been used to provide information about the uncertainty of projections have included model sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and model intercomparison. Model sensitivity can be used to assess uncertainty if the model structure is accurate and if there is sufficient inf ...
... [5] Approaches that have been used to provide information about the uncertainty of projections have included model sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and model intercomparison. Model sensitivity can be used to assess uncertainty if the model structure is accurate and if there is sufficient inf ...
Climate change impacts on mean wind speeds in South Africa
... by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the USA, while the RCP8.5 was developed by the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental impact (MESSAGE) from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in ...
... by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the USA, while the RCP8.5 was developed by the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental impact (MESSAGE) from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in ...
Climate change impacts on mean wind speeds in South Africa
... by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the USA, while the RCP8.5 was developed by the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental impact (MESSAGE) from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in ...
... by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the USA, while the RCP8.5 was developed by the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental impact (MESSAGE) from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in ...
Bradford, Mark A., et al. "Climate fails to predict wood decomposition
... Climate–decomposition relationships are typically developed from regional to global studies that use the mean response of decomposition to climate and litter quality drivers2–5 . There is growing awareness in other areas of global change science that using mean responses masks the fine-scale variati ...
... Climate–decomposition relationships are typically developed from regional to global studies that use the mean response of decomposition to climate and litter quality drivers2–5 . There is growing awareness in other areas of global change science that using mean responses masks the fine-scale variati ...
Key aspects of global climate change
... aerosol-induced atmospheric cooling holds a SAT increase (new estimates suggest the conclusion about a weaker manifestation of the aerosol impact); 4) the presence of the warming minima in the North Atlantic and in the circumpolar regions of the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere due to mixing in the ...
... aerosol-induced atmospheric cooling holds a SAT increase (new estimates suggest the conclusion about a weaker manifestation of the aerosol impact); 4) the presence of the warming minima in the North Atlantic and in the circumpolar regions of the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere due to mixing in the ...
Climate Variability and Change with Implications for Transportation
... change mainly impact transportation through changes in extreme conditions. Two important long-term weather or climate conditions which have impacts on transportation are drought which adversely affects river barge traffic due to low water conditions and changes in Arctic sea ice conditions that may ...
... change mainly impact transportation through changes in extreme conditions. Two important long-term weather or climate conditions which have impacts on transportation are drought which adversely affects river barge traffic due to low water conditions and changes in Arctic sea ice conditions that may ...
14 Ecosystem dynamics, harmful algal blooms and
... 14.1.2 Ecosystem dynamics and harmful algal blooms Changes in the occurrence and magnitude of HABs reflect interactions between the structure and function of coastal ecosystems, the external forcings that impinge on them, and the population dynamics of HAB species that inhabit them. Local responses ...
... 14.1.2 Ecosystem dynamics and harmful algal blooms Changes in the occurrence and magnitude of HABs reflect interactions between the structure and function of coastal ecosystems, the external forcings that impinge on them, and the population dynamics of HAB species that inhabit them. Local responses ...
Simulating climate change and its effects on the wind energy
... 3.1. The Rossby Center regional atmospheric model The Rossby Center regional atmospheric climate model version 3 (RCA3)12,13 has been developed from the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM; see www.hirlam.org). Compared with the numerical weather prediction model HIRLAM, several changes have ...
... 3.1. The Rossby Center regional atmospheric model The Rossby Center regional atmospheric climate model version 3 (RCA3)12,13 has been developed from the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM; see www.hirlam.org). Compared with the numerical weather prediction model HIRLAM, several changes have ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.