Center for Global Environmental Research
... for Environmental Studies (NIES). Our computer resources have been used by the collaborative research group at NIES, the Center for Climate System Research (CCSR) at the University of Tokyo, and the Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and T ...
... for Environmental Studies (NIES). Our computer resources have been used by the collaborative research group at NIES, the Center for Climate System Research (CCSR) at the University of Tokyo, and the Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and T ...
Future risk of record-breaking summer temperatures and its
... arises from structural differences between models, as well as irreducible uncertainty from intrinsic variability of the climate system on multi-decadal time scales (Hawkins and Sutton 2009). Communicating these different types of uncertainty associated with climate change projections has become incr ...
... arises from structural differences between models, as well as irreducible uncertainty from intrinsic variability of the climate system on multi-decadal time scales (Hawkins and Sutton 2009). Communicating these different types of uncertainty associated with climate change projections has become incr ...
Abstract In the area like Bhutan, accessing and monitoring of glacier
... summarized the ratio area of SCA of melting season which is the significant variable to ...
... summarized the ratio area of SCA of melting season which is the significant variable to ...
Observed 20th Century Desert Dust Variability: Impact on Climate
... historical time period with no tuning of the dust sources were unable to capture the observed variability in deposition (not shown). This is despite the fact that the model captures observed mean global surface temperature changes (as shown in the Section 3.0). We then conducted simulations where we ...
... historical time period with no tuning of the dust sources were unable to capture the observed variability in deposition (not shown). This is despite the fact that the model captures observed mean global surface temperature changes (as shown in the Section 3.0). We then conducted simulations where we ...
Climate change and the South Asian summer monsoon
... Southeast Asia faster than the adjoining oceans, owing to differences in heat capacity, and develops a large-scale meridional surface temperature gradient 2. This results in the formation of a surface heat low over northern India in late spring; the north– south pressure gradient then induces a cros ...
... Southeast Asia faster than the adjoining oceans, owing to differences in heat capacity, and develops a large-scale meridional surface temperature gradient 2. This results in the formation of a surface heat low over northern India in late spring; the north– south pressure gradient then induces a cros ...
Dynamical downscaling from climate
... Trial simulations from the Mk 3.5 GCM did not produce the expected improvements for the simulated present-day climate. This was possibly caused by an inconsistency related to nudging the evolving CCAM upper-level winds with those of Mk 3.5. For the final simulation described in this report, a diffe ...
... Trial simulations from the Mk 3.5 GCM did not produce the expected improvements for the simulated present-day climate. This was possibly caused by an inconsistency related to nudging the evolving CCAM upper-level winds with those of Mk 3.5. For the final simulation described in this report, a diffe ...
Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations
... Example Applications of Climate Model Results ...
... Example Applications of Climate Model Results ...
'Communicating Uncertainties for those Insuring Future Climate Change' Oslo 2008
... People may respond to various climate stimuli in different way, and adaptation to changes may be influenced by other rationales rather than seeking climate adaptability and robustness. As such, it can be a challenge communicating the necessity to reduce global warming as well as to prepare society f ...
... People may respond to various climate stimuli in different way, and adaptation to changes may be influenced by other rationales rather than seeking climate adaptability and robustness. As such, it can be a challenge communicating the necessity to reduce global warming as well as to prepare society f ...
Ambiguity and climate policy
... model of decision under ambiguity, analyze its basic properties, and derive a new and quite general condition that allows us to perform comparative statics. This condition is sufficient for an increase in ambiguity aversion to increase optimal abatement, or conversely, to decrease it. We then extend ...
... model of decision under ambiguity, analyze its basic properties, and derive a new and quite general condition that allows us to perform comparative statics. This condition is sufficient for an increase in ambiguity aversion to increase optimal abatement, or conversely, to decrease it. We then extend ...
Sensitivity of burned area in Europe to climate change, atmospheric
... Europe as closely as possible, we set up a regionalized parameterization using socioeconomic regions in combination with biomes as described by Knorr et al. [2014] (see Table A2 and Figure B2 therein for the socioeconomic regions, including Europe). In this setup, a biome is split into different par ...
... Europe as closely as possible, we set up a regionalized parameterization using socioeconomic regions in combination with biomes as described by Knorr et al. [2014] (see Table A2 and Figure B2 therein for the socioeconomic regions, including Europe). In this setup, a biome is split into different par ...
Greenhouse effect and altitude gradients over the Alps – by
... Houghton et al., 2001). Observational determinations of the greenhouse effect are so far mostly based on satellite measurements by determining the clear-sky greenhouse effect (Raval and Ramanathan, 1989; Ramanathan et al., 1989) and the top of the atmosphere (ToA) cloud forcing (Harrison et al., 199 ...
... Houghton et al., 2001). Observational determinations of the greenhouse effect are so far mostly based on satellite measurements by determining the clear-sky greenhouse effect (Raval and Ramanathan, 1989; Ramanathan et al., 1989) and the top of the atmosphere (ToA) cloud forcing (Harrison et al., 199 ...
Sensitivity of Amazon Regional Climate to Deforestation
... generating high-resolution climate change information for any region of the world. It incorporates a regional climate model RCM in a user-friendly tool in order to gain the necessary scientific and technical knowledge by means of using models and conducting climate change and impacts studies. PRECIS ...
... generating high-resolution climate change information for any region of the world. It incorporates a regional climate model RCM in a user-friendly tool in order to gain the necessary scientific and technical knowledge by means of using models and conducting climate change and impacts studies. PRECIS ...
Climate change prediction over complex areas: spatial variability of
... Information on predicted climate change is obtained from the outputs on precipitation and temperature (Tmax , Tmin and Tavg ) of several RCMs developed by different institutions collaborating in the PRUDENCE project. This study used data from the HIRHAM: Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), HIRHAM ...
... Information on predicted climate change is obtained from the outputs on precipitation and temperature (Tmax , Tmin and Tavg ) of several RCMs developed by different institutions collaborating in the PRUDENCE project. This study used data from the HIRHAM: Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), HIRHAM ...
The First Decade of Long-Lead U.S. Seasonal Forecasts
... Livezey et al. 2007, hereafter L2007), which cover the contiguous United States with approximately equal areas. The aggregation of station data into climate divisions and then smaller divisions into larger divisions (in the eastern half of the country) reduces noise in the climate signals crucial to ...
... Livezey et al. 2007, hereafter L2007), which cover the contiguous United States with approximately equal areas. The aggregation of station data into climate divisions and then smaller divisions into larger divisions (in the eastern half of the country) reduces noise in the climate signals crucial to ...
time invariance and implications for bias correction
... [Carter et al., 2007; Christensen et al., 2007]. This downscaling is typically categorized into two ...
... [Carter et al., 2007; Christensen et al., 2007]. This downscaling is typically categorized into two ...
Climate change prediction over complex areas: spatial variability of
... Information on predicted climate change is obtained from the outputs on precipitation and temperature (Tmax , Tmin and Tavg ) of several RCMs developed by different institutions collaborating in the PRUDENCE project. This study used data from the HIRHAM: Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), HIRHAM ...
... Information on predicted climate change is obtained from the outputs on precipitation and temperature (Tmax , Tmin and Tavg ) of several RCMs developed by different institutions collaborating in the PRUDENCE project. This study used data from the HIRHAM: Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), HIRHAM ...
Northern Hemisphere blocking frequency and duration in the CMIP5
... et al., 2007] which is largely based on the CMIP3 data. This lack of documentation partly results from availability of daily data. Although blocking is typically examined using 500 hPa geopotential height or upper-tropospheric dynamic fields such as potential temperature on the 2-PVU surface or upper ...
... et al., 2007] which is largely based on the CMIP3 data. This lack of documentation partly results from availability of daily data. Although blocking is typically examined using 500 hPa geopotential height or upper-tropospheric dynamic fields such as potential temperature on the 2-PVU surface or upper ...
Radiative forcing of gases, aerosols and, clouds.
... Figure 25.2 Radiative forcing, defined as the net flux imbalance at the tropopause, is shown by an arrow. The horizontal lines represent the surface (lower line) and tropopause (upper line). The unperturbed temperature profile is shown as the blue line and the perturbed temperature profile as the re ...
... Figure 25.2 Radiative forcing, defined as the net flux imbalance at the tropopause, is shown by an arrow. The horizontal lines represent the surface (lower line) and tropopause (upper line). The unperturbed temperature profile is shown as the blue line and the perturbed temperature profile as the re ...
The key role of heavy precipitation events in climate
... Pierce et al. (2012); we refer the reader to that work for a detailed description. All ...
... Pierce et al. (2012); we refer the reader to that work for a detailed description. All ...
Decadal co-variability of Atlantic SSTs and western Amazon dry
... values represent the climate variability linearly related to the GCM’s estimated external forcing. This approach assumes that local trends are related to global temperature increase only and local factors (ex: land-use change) cannot be separated. However, local effects are reduced for area integrat ...
... values represent the climate variability linearly related to the GCM’s estimated external forcing. This approach assumes that local trends are related to global temperature increase only and local factors (ex: land-use change) cannot be separated. However, local effects are reduced for area integrat ...
Climate Change Adaptation: Perspectives for Disaster Risk
... Recommendations for further research, the need for more regional downscaling, issues specific studies, and the refinement and modelling of specific adaptation options are given in Section 5. ...
... Recommendations for further research, the need for more regional downscaling, issues specific studies, and the refinement and modelling of specific adaptation options are given in Section 5. ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.