Text - American Meteorological Society
... contrast, later models with ice dynamics and features such as sea ice leads show increasing variability in winter and decreasing variability in summer. It is important to note that models differ considerably in their representation of twentieth-century interannual temperature variability (Hawkins an ...
... contrast, later models with ice dynamics and features such as sea ice leads show increasing variability in winter and decreasing variability in summer. It is important to note that models differ considerably in their representation of twentieth-century interannual temperature variability (Hawkins an ...
Inclusion of ecologically based trait variation in plant functional types
... based on field data, the response of plants to elevated CO2 concentrations could only be determined experimentally. For this, we used meta-analyses of CO2 enrichment experiments. Due to the relatively sparse data, some PFTs were grouped. For trees, the elevated CO2 responses of Vcmax25 and Jmax25 we ...
... based on field data, the response of plants to elevated CO2 concentrations could only be determined experimentally. For this, we used meta-analyses of CO2 enrichment experiments. Due to the relatively sparse data, some PFTs were grouped. For trees, the elevated CO2 responses of Vcmax25 and Jmax25 we ...
Appendix L: Climate impacts and adaptation actions for shrub
... Climatic niche vegetation models mathematically define the climatic conditions within a given vegetation type’s current distribution and then project where on the landscape those conditions are expected to occur in the future. These models do not incorporate other important factors that determine ...
... Climatic niche vegetation models mathematically define the climatic conditions within a given vegetation type’s current distribution and then project where on the landscape those conditions are expected to occur in the future. These models do not incorporate other important factors that determine ...
Biosphere feedbacks and climate change
... An alternative approach to estimating climate sensitivity with the help of observations uses reconstructions of past radiative forcing and climate as a constraint. Land and ocean temperature reconstructions from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years ago, with CO2 concentration of 185 ppm), use ...
... An alternative approach to estimating climate sensitivity with the help of observations uses reconstructions of past radiative forcing and climate as a constraint. Land and ocean temperature reconstructions from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years ago, with CO2 concentration of 185 ppm), use ...
Impacts of climate change on Blue Nile flows using bias
... cipitation Index (GPI) (Arkin, 1979), the READING technique (Milford and Dugdale, 1990), the PERMIT technique (Barrett et al., 1989), the Convective-Stratiform Technique (CST) (Adler and Negri, 1988), and the Progressive Refinement Technique (PRT) (Bellerby and Barrett, 1993). Currently satellite ra ...
... cipitation Index (GPI) (Arkin, 1979), the READING technique (Milford and Dugdale, 1990), the PERMIT technique (Barrett et al., 1989), the Convective-Stratiform Technique (CST) (Adler and Negri, 1988), and the Progressive Refinement Technique (PRT) (Bellerby and Barrett, 1993). Currently satellite ra ...
Carbon cycle implications of terrestrial weathering changes since
... Terrestrial carbon fluxes and reservoirs are described by Matthews et al. (2005) and coupled to the global model by Meissner et al. (2003). The model is driven in the short term by seasonal variations in solar insolation and wind fields (Kalnay et al. 1996) and in the long term by orbital parameter ...
... Terrestrial carbon fluxes and reservoirs are described by Matthews et al. (2005) and coupled to the global model by Meissner et al. (2003). The model is driven in the short term by seasonal variations in solar insolation and wind fields (Kalnay et al. 1996) and in the long term by orbital parameter ...
Ecological controls on net ecosystem productivity of a seasonally dry
... are described and listed in Appendices A, B, C and D. All model parameters in ecosys are derived from independent experiments and so remain unchanged in this study from those used in earlier studies (e.g. Grant et al., 2007b,c, 2008, 2009) as given in the Supplement. However these algorithms have no ...
... are described and listed in Appendices A, B, C and D. All model parameters in ecosys are derived from independent experiments and so remain unchanged in this study from those used in earlier studies (e.g. Grant et al., 2007b,c, 2008, 2009) as given in the Supplement. However these algorithms have no ...
Variations in the Wave Climate and Sediment Transport Due to
... In this part of the study, a MIKE21 SW model [12] (see Supplementary Materials for summary model description) is set up to derive contemporary (here: 1981–2000) and future offshore wave climates with bathymetry input from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) [13]. The model was first ...
... In this part of the study, a MIKE21 SW model [12] (see Supplementary Materials for summary model description) is set up to derive contemporary (here: 1981–2000) and future offshore wave climates with bathymetry input from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) [13]. The model was first ...
Making Climate Data Relevant to Decision Making:
... Throughout the world, there is a major need for climate change science to inform on-the-ground adaptation planning. However, a big gap exists between the well-developed state of climate science and decision-makers preparing for a future climate. There is no shortage of scientific data that has been ...
... Throughout the world, there is a major need for climate change science to inform on-the-ground adaptation planning. However, a big gap exists between the well-developed state of climate science and decision-makers preparing for a future climate. There is no shortage of scientific data that has been ...
Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Viti Levu (Fiji) and Aitutaki
... The project goal is to enhance the technical and human capacity of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, including variability. The project has three main objectives. First, to develop the "next generation" of integrated assessment methods and mode ...
... The project goal is to enhance the technical and human capacity of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, including variability. The project has three main objectives. First, to develop the "next generation" of integrated assessment methods and mode ...
Expect Above Average Temperatures: Identifying the Economic
... (Baylis, 2017), and more. The typical study first estimates the causal effects of weather on the dependent variable of interest and then uses physical climate models’ projections to simulate how the dependent variable would be affected by future climate change. Yet for all the advances this literatu ...
... (Baylis, 2017), and more. The typical study first estimates the causal effects of weather on the dependent variable of interest and then uses physical climate models’ projections to simulate how the dependent variable would be affected by future climate change. Yet for all the advances this literatu ...
The leading variability mode of the coupled troposphere
... middle latitudes, whereas the closest relationship can be found over the North Atlantic region. The fraction of explained total squared covariance of the rst (leading) mode is less in the model (60%) than in observational data (76%) determined on the basis of observed 41 winter means. Nevertheless, ...
... middle latitudes, whereas the closest relationship can be found over the North Atlantic region. The fraction of explained total squared covariance of the rst (leading) mode is less in the model (60%) than in observational data (76%) determined on the basis of observed 41 winter means. Nevertheless, ...
River Floods - ClimateCost
... number of E1 climate data sets, mostly focused on one climate model. Therefore, the lower damages under the stabilisation scenario are more likely to be related to the climate model choice rather than to the effect of mitigation. • The study also assessed the costs and benefits of adaptation. The a ...
... number of E1 climate data sets, mostly focused on one climate model. Therefore, the lower damages under the stabilisation scenario are more likely to be related to the climate model choice rather than to the effect of mitigation. • The study also assessed the costs and benefits of adaptation. The a ...
Regulation of atmospheric CO2 by deep
... recorded in sediment traps appear to be relatively independent of depth below about 2000 m in the water column. Thus away from the continental shelves and slopes the difference in particulate rain rates measured at the respective depths defined by the two bathymetric grids (Figures 2a and 2b) is rat ...
... recorded in sediment traps appear to be relatively independent of depth below about 2000 m in the water column. Thus away from the continental shelves and slopes the difference in particulate rain rates measured at the respective depths defined by the two bathymetric grids (Figures 2a and 2b) is rat ...
Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change | US EPA
... the IPCC assessment. Each model is given equal weight in the SCC values developed through this process, bearing in mind their different limitations (discussed below). These models are useful because they combine climate processes, economic growth, and feedbacks between the climate and the global eco ...
... the IPCC assessment. Each model is given equal weight in the SCC values developed through this process, bearing in mind their different limitations (discussed below). These models are useful because they combine climate processes, economic growth, and feedbacks between the climate and the global eco ...
Pacific Islands Meteorological Strategy 2012
... a Chair from an atoll country, the severe impacts of these and climate change provide more than enough motivation to ensure that our NMSs continue to grow in providing time critical and relevant data and information services to the public. The growth and sustenance of NMSs must be a priority for our ...
... a Chair from an atoll country, the severe impacts of these and climate change provide more than enough motivation to ensure that our NMSs continue to grow in providing time critical and relevant data and information services to the public. The growth and sustenance of NMSs must be a priority for our ...
PDF - AMS Journals - American Meteorological Society
... TMT trends receive from stratospheric cooling. Here, it is shown that the average ratio of modeled and observed TMT trends is sensitive to both satellite data uncertainties and model–data differences in stratospheric cooling. When the impact of lower-stratospheric cooling on TMT is accounted for, an ...
... TMT trends receive from stratospheric cooling. Here, it is shown that the average ratio of modeled and observed TMT trends is sensitive to both satellite data uncertainties and model–data differences in stratospheric cooling. When the impact of lower-stratospheric cooling on TMT is accounted for, an ...
New Explanation for Evaporation Paradox
... developed a PenPan model based on the mass and energy balance in Australia. A limitation of these studies is that they adopted Class-A pans, which have a diameter of 1.21 m and a depth of 0.254 m. However, evaporative pans widely used in China for such studies have a diameter of 0.2 m and a depth of ...
... developed a PenPan model based on the mass and energy balance in Australia. A limitation of these studies is that they adopted Class-A pans, which have a diameter of 1.21 m and a depth of 0.254 m. However, evaporative pans widely used in China for such studies have a diameter of 0.2 m and a depth of ...
Climate change scenario simulations of wind, sea level, and
... A downscaling technique was used, which enables the estimation of the possible impact of climate change on water levels in the Baltic Sea and Lake Mälaren region. As the scales of interest are rather small compared to the typical horizontal resolution of global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circu ...
... A downscaling technique was used, which enables the estimation of the possible impact of climate change on water levels in the Baltic Sea and Lake Mälaren region. As the scales of interest are rather small compared to the typical horizontal resolution of global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circu ...
Full Vitae - Kelvin K. Droegemeier
... Worked with President David L. Boren and CEO of American Airlines to establish the American Airlines Professorship in Meteorology (1999) Incorporated Weather Decision Technologies, Inc. as an OU-start up, helped develop business plan and raise capital (1999-2000) Helped create and led $10.6M R&D pro ...
... Worked with President David L. Boren and CEO of American Airlines to establish the American Airlines Professorship in Meteorology (1999) Incorporated Weather Decision Technologies, Inc. as an OU-start up, helped develop business plan and raise capital (1999-2000) Helped create and led $10.6M R&D pro ...
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... the southwest part of the United States of America, and parts of Africa and the Near East. ...
... the southwest part of the United States of America, and parts of Africa and the Near East. ...
Effect of climate and landcover change
... Stream discharge of a watershed is determined by multiple factors of local climate, landcover, topography, soil, and geology. Among them, climate and landcover variations cause most of the observed variability in stream discharge. Changes in climate and landcover alter the magnitude and variability ...
... Stream discharge of a watershed is determined by multiple factors of local climate, landcover, topography, soil, and geology. Among them, climate and landcover variations cause most of the observed variability in stream discharge. Changes in climate and landcover alter the magnitude and variability ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.