Future wave conditions at the German Baltic Sea Coast on
... paper, a hybrid approach has been established, based on statistical and numerical methods to calculate wave information. The approach uses wind data from numerical climate simulations as input data. In this study the changes in mean wind conditions are applied from the regional climate model (RCM) C ...
... paper, a hybrid approach has been established, based on statistical and numerical methods to calculate wave information. The approach uses wind data from numerical climate simulations as input data. In this study the changes in mean wind conditions are applied from the regional climate model (RCM) C ...
Gregory et al. (2013) - American Meteorological Society
... Making the correction constant in time is a further approximation. In reality the cooling tendency will diminish with time, as the ocean adjusts to the timemean negative volcanic forcing (Gregory 2010), but the time profile of the adjustment is unknown and very likely to be model dependent. As a con ...
... Making the correction constant in time is a further approximation. In reality the cooling tendency will diminish with time, as the ocean adjusts to the timemean negative volcanic forcing (Gregory 2010), but the time profile of the adjustment is unknown and very likely to be model dependent. As a con ...
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole
... Making the correction constant in time is a further approximation. In reality the cooling tendency will diminish with time, as the ocean adjusts to the timemean negative volcanic forcing (Gregory 2010), but the time profile of the adjustment is unknown and very likely to be model dependent. As a con ...
... Making the correction constant in time is a further approximation. In reality the cooling tendency will diminish with time, as the ocean adjusts to the timemean negative volcanic forcing (Gregory 2010), but the time profile of the adjustment is unknown and very likely to be model dependent. As a con ...
SEASONS IN THE SUN version for BRITA
... actual weather data, without judging of how representative these descriptions are. The texts were placed in the two categories “bad” or “good” weather, according to which one of the two foci was chosen in the description. Nuances of very good or very bad weather were left out for reasons of simplici ...
... actual weather data, without judging of how representative these descriptions are. The texts were placed in the two categories “bad” or “good” weather, according to which one of the two foci was chosen in the description. Nuances of very good or very bad weather were left out for reasons of simplici ...
Statistical methods for the analysis of simulated and observed
... Global and regional climate projections have been calculated as part of the IPCC process but also for national and international projects. The calculated time period covers more than 140 years ranging from e.g. 1960 to 2100. The results are not only available for climate research, but also for studi ...
... Global and regional climate projections have been calculated as part of the IPCC process but also for national and international projects. The calculated time period covers more than 140 years ranging from e.g. 1960 to 2100. The results are not only available for climate research, but also for studi ...
Longterm climate forcings to assess vulnerability in North Africa dry
... Msanda et al. 2005). Specifically, 555 record points were randomly sampled from within the argan woodland polygons, ensuring a minimum distance of 2 km between points in order to reduce spatial autocorrelation. We also randomly took 10,000 background points from throughout the entire study area (i.e ...
... Msanda et al. 2005). Specifically, 555 record points were randomly sampled from within the argan woodland polygons, ensuring a minimum distance of 2 km between points in order to reduce spatial autocorrelation. We also randomly took 10,000 background points from throughout the entire study area (i.e ...
Impact of extreme weather on critical infrastructure Deliverable D2.1
... guidance on climate change indicators adapted to user needs are provided, in order to meet scientific standards with a focus on extreme events in a European climate change context. The characterization of these extremes is performed using datasets provided from different sources or case studies. Exi ...
... guidance on climate change indicators adapted to user needs are provided, in order to meet scientific standards with a focus on extreme events in a European climate change context. The characterization of these extremes is performed using datasets provided from different sources or case studies. Exi ...
Long-Term Climate Change Commitment and Reversibility: An EMIC Intercomparison Please share
... known natural (orbital, volcanic, and solar) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gas, aerosol, and land cover change) forcing, following phase three of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3)/CMIP5 protocol. Details on the implementation of these forcings in individual EMICs is provided ...
... known natural (orbital, volcanic, and solar) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gas, aerosol, and land cover change) forcing, following phase three of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3)/CMIP5 protocol. Details on the implementation of these forcings in individual EMICs is provided ...
Simulated interannual variation in summertime atmospheric
... the PC1 time series of the principal modes did not change when the reference domain used for the EOF analysis was varied and when the rotated EOF analysis was applied. The use of lower resolution degrades the similarity to observations. Figure 4 shows the regressed spatial pattern and time series as ...
... the PC1 time series of the principal modes did not change when the reference domain used for the EOF analysis was varied and when the rotated EOF analysis was applied. The use of lower resolution degrades the similarity to observations. Figure 4 shows the regressed spatial pattern and time series as ...
Uncertainty in climate change projections: the role of internal
... make use of a 10,000-year control integration of CAM3, the atmospheric component of CCSM3, at T42 resolution under present-day GHG concentrations. In this integration, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice are prescribed to vary with a repeating seasonal cycle but no year-to-year variability. ...
... make use of a 10,000-year control integration of CAM3, the atmospheric component of CCSM3, at T42 resolution under present-day GHG concentrations. In this integration, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice are prescribed to vary with a repeating seasonal cycle but no year-to-year variability. ...
PDF
... externalities from climate change or exploiting any positive externalities. It will be up to governments in each country to decide what environmental externalities are important enough to warrant action and what kinds of actions need to be taken to address these issues. Several studies have been dir ...
... externalities from climate change or exploiting any positive externalities. It will be up to governments in each country to decide what environmental externalities are important enough to warrant action and what kinds of actions need to be taken to address these issues. Several studies have been dir ...
Preserving the Ocean Circulation: Implications for Climate Policy
... the North Atlantic where ocean deep waters are formed. Warm and salty oceanic surface waters flowing towards the North Atlantic cool by heat loss to the overlying atmosphere. This cooling acts to increase the densities of the surface waters. This effect of the cooling is, however, counteracted by th ...
... the North Atlantic where ocean deep waters are formed. Warm and salty oceanic surface waters flowing towards the North Atlantic cool by heat loss to the overlying atmosphere. This cooling acts to increase the densities of the surface waters. This effect of the cooling is, however, counteracted by th ...
Characterising half a degree difference: A review of methods for
... arrows indicate the year at which these ΔTg increments are exceeded, and the orange and blue shaded areas illustrate the time periods to be sampled, centered around the date that 1.5 and 2 C are exceeded. concentration scenarios. Often future change is analyzed for a specific time period from these ...
... arrows indicate the year at which these ΔTg increments are exceeded, and the orange and blue shaded areas illustrate the time periods to be sampled, centered around the date that 1.5 and 2 C are exceeded. concentration scenarios. Often future change is analyzed for a specific time period from these ...
a chapter for the Handbook of Macroeconomics
... potentially react to resource scarcity by saving on the scarce resource instead of saving on other inputs. Thus, we apply the notion of “directed technical change” in this context and propose it as an interesting avenue for conducting further macroeconomic research within the area of sustainability ...
... potentially react to resource scarcity by saving on the scarce resource instead of saving on other inputs. Thus, we apply the notion of “directed technical change” in this context and propose it as an interesting avenue for conducting further macroeconomic research within the area of sustainability ...
Book of abstracts for download
... D’Andrea, F. Summer heat and drought in continental midlatitudes: of soil moisture and other things ............................................................................................................................. 3 Dell’Aquila A. Reconstructing the past, projecting the future: a regiona ...
... D’Andrea, F. Summer heat and drought in continental midlatitudes: of soil moisture and other things ............................................................................................................................. 3 Dell’Aquila A. Reconstructing the past, projecting the future: a regiona ...
Selecting and Using Climate Change Scenarios for British Columbia
... The models in CMIP3 are known as coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). These models simulate physical processes of atmospheric and ocean circulation and produce a range of weather and climate variables for grid sizes between about 1.4° to 4.0° (at mid-latitudes this means typ ...
... The models in CMIP3 are known as coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). These models simulate physical processes of atmospheric and ocean circulation and produce a range of weather and climate variables for grid sizes between about 1.4° to 4.0° (at mid-latitudes this means typ ...
Carbon-climate coupling in the Northern High Latitudes
... leveling off or even decreasing around 2060. This leveling-off is particularly visible in the HadCM3LC, FRCGC and BERN-CC models. The time integral of NEP is the amount of carbon the land takes up. The mean uptake of terrestrial carbon by 2100 is 38 PgC with a range of 17 to 82 PgC in the C4MIP mode ...
... leveling off or even decreasing around 2060. This leveling-off is particularly visible in the HadCM3LC, FRCGC and BERN-CC models. The time integral of NEP is the amount of carbon the land takes up. The mean uptake of terrestrial carbon by 2100 is 38 PgC with a range of 17 to 82 PgC in the C4MIP mode ...
Ensemble projections of future streamflow droughts in Europe
... ensemble-based framework considering multiple driving climate projections will provide a more robust estimation of the future changes in streamflow drought hazard. Recent developments of water use scenarios, which foreshadow possible future water consumptions in Europe, further opened new opportunit ...
... ensemble-based framework considering multiple driving climate projections will provide a more robust estimation of the future changes in streamflow drought hazard. Recent developments of water use scenarios, which foreshadow possible future water consumptions in Europe, further opened new opportunit ...
A Climate Modelling Primer - THIRD EDITION
... 4.8.4 Repeating sectors in a global ‘grid’ model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.5 A two-and-a-half-dimensional model: CLIMBER-2 . . . . . . . . 4.8.6 McGill palaeoclimate model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... 4.8.4 Repeating sectors in a global ‘grid’ model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.5 A two-and-a-half-dimensional model: CLIMBER-2 . . . . . . . . 4.8.6 McGill palaeoclimate model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
CH26-9780444635242_G
... are usually referred to as volcanic ash. Volcanic ash particles are relatively large, exceeding two microns in diameter, and therefore deposit relatively quickly, i.e. within a few weeks. They are responsible for short-term regional-to-continental perturbations of the Earth’s radiative balance and m ...
... are usually referred to as volcanic ash. Volcanic ash particles are relatively large, exceeding two microns in diameter, and therefore deposit relatively quickly, i.e. within a few weeks. They are responsible for short-term regional-to-continental perturbations of the Earth’s radiative balance and m ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.