Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets:Terminology
... Mineral dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles.In addition to its direct radiative effect, dust aerosol mediates ocean carbon uptake and the chemical cycles of other aerosols like sulfates. Dust observations during the past decade span measurements of local concentration and depos ...
... Mineral dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles.In addition to its direct radiative effect, dust aerosol mediates ocean carbon uptake and the chemical cycles of other aerosols like sulfates. Dust observations during the past decade span measurements of local concentration and depos ...
Potential Impacts of Changes in Climate on Water Quality in New
... that are generated to explore a range of potential futures. The bottom-up approach focuses on the system characteristics under investigation with the goal of gathering specific information on the water resources system of interest. In the context of climate change, top-down vulnerability analyses ge ...
... that are generated to explore a range of potential futures. The bottom-up approach focuses on the system characteristics under investigation with the goal of gathering specific information on the water resources system of interest. In the context of climate change, top-down vulnerability analyses ge ...
Improving runoff estimates from regional climate models: a
... Received: 14 November 2011 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 5 January 2012 Revised: 25 May 2012 – Accepted: 29 May 2012 – Published: 25 June 2012 ...
... Received: 14 November 2011 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 5 January 2012 Revised: 25 May 2012 – Accepted: 29 May 2012 – Published: 25 June 2012 ...
european weather derivatives - Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
... Welcome! It has been great fun pulling this paper together, for most of the team weather derivatives is an area we rarely touch on during our day to day work. We have all therefore learnt a great deal from writing this paper and I hope that everyone who reads it will also learn something. The main t ...
... Welcome! It has been great fun pulling this paper together, for most of the team weather derivatives is an area we rarely touch on during our day to day work. We have all therefore learnt a great deal from writing this paper and I hope that everyone who reads it will also learn something. The main t ...
ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OF THE AMAZON BASIN: A
... methods for determining the water balance for the region. Estimates of the components of the water cycle have been derived using gridded moisture and circulation data from the global reanalyses produced by some meteorological centers in the US and Europe. The National Centers for Environmental Predi ...
... methods for determining the water balance for the region. Estimates of the components of the water cycle have been derived using gridded moisture and circulation data from the global reanalyses produced by some meteorological centers in the US and Europe. The National Centers for Environmental Predi ...
On the hydrOlOgical cycle Of the amazOn Basin: a histOrical
... methods for determining the water balance for the region. Estimates of the components of the water cycle have been derived using gridded moisture and circulation data from the global reanalyses produced by some meteorological centers in the US and Europe. The National Centers for Environmental Predi ...
... methods for determining the water balance for the region. Estimates of the components of the water cycle have been derived using gridded moisture and circulation data from the global reanalyses produced by some meteorological centers in the US and Europe. The National Centers for Environmental Predi ...
PDF
... randomness of natural and social phenomena, the so-called “aleatory uncertainty”, there are many other sources deriving from an incomplete knowledge of these phenomena, called “epistemic uncertainty”. These can be divided into (Refsgaard et al., 2013) uncertainties on input data, model uncertainty, ...
... randomness of natural and social phenomena, the so-called “aleatory uncertainty”, there are many other sources deriving from an incomplete knowledge of these phenomena, called “epistemic uncertainty”. These can be divided into (Refsgaard et al., 2013) uncertainties on input data, model uncertainty, ...
simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in
... water in deeper subsurface reservoirs that underlie multiple HRUs. The various processes acting on runoff generation from the basins are represented in sufficient detail that heat- and moisture-fluxes vary realistically with short- and long-term climatic variations. However, model parameters (such a ...
... water in deeper subsurface reservoirs that underlie multiple HRUs. The various processes acting on runoff generation from the basins are represented in sufficient detail that heat- and moisture-fluxes vary realistically with short- and long-term climatic variations. However, model parameters (such a ...
- Strathprints
... latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Data is available from January 1970 until August 2013, is generally downloadable in 3 hour time steps ...
... latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Data is available from January 1970 until August 2013, is generally downloadable in 3 hour time steps ...
Identifying Uncertainties in Arctic Climate Predictions
... Climate within the Arctic is an emergent property from a number of processes (Figure 1). The climate is often defined by the temperature and salinity profiles in the ocean and the temperature and humidity profiles in the atmosphere. The structures of both profiles are highly seasonal, and changes in ...
... Climate within the Arctic is an emergent property from a number of processes (Figure 1). The climate is often defined by the temperature and salinity profiles in the ocean and the temperature and humidity profiles in the atmosphere. The structures of both profiles are highly seasonal, and changes in ...
Assessing the Risk of a Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
Final Report Appendix 2d - climate change
... (13) DLR, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt / German Aerospace Center Climate research satellite data provided by the DLR offer global information about clouds, rain, water vapour, trace gases, temperature and vegetation. Together with ground and balloon measurements they make a significant ...
... (13) DLR, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt / German Aerospace Center Climate research satellite data provided by the DLR offer global information about clouds, rain, water vapour, trace gases, temperature and vegetation. Together with ground and balloon measurements they make a significant ...
Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in
... communities. Drylands, however, are poorly represented in global soil bacteria and fungi databases (10–12, 20), and no field study has simultaneously examined how the abundance, composition, and diversity of these organisms vary along aridity gradients in drylands worldwide. Here, we present a globa ...
... communities. Drylands, however, are poorly represented in global soil bacteria and fungi databases (10–12, 20), and no field study has simultaneously examined how the abundance, composition, and diversity of these organisms vary along aridity gradients in drylands worldwide. Here, we present a globa ...
Does extreme precipitation intensity depend on the emissions
... precipitation depends mostly on moisture convergence and changes in circulation with warming in climate model projections are small [Trenberth, 1999]. Figure 2b shows the multimodel mean change in extreme precipitation (the change in annual maximum daily rainfall rate per degree warming) for each RC ...
... precipitation depends mostly on moisture convergence and changes in circulation with warming in climate model projections are small [Trenberth, 1999]. Figure 2b shows the multimodel mean change in extreme precipitation (the change in annual maximum daily rainfall rate per degree warming) for each RC ...
Full-Text PDF
... these general characteristics will persist until the current interglacial ends. If the sea bottom warms, possibly in response to global climate change, there could be a significant reduction to complete loss of GH stability, especially on the shallow parts of the continental shelf. The interglacial ...
... these general characteristics will persist until the current interglacial ends. If the sea bottom warms, possibly in response to global climate change, there could be a significant reduction to complete loss of GH stability, especially on the shallow parts of the continental shelf. The interglacial ...
Nature Communications Review Integrating Pliocene Geological
... array of geological archives (Vaughan, 2007). These archives indicate that climate can respond rapidly to different forcings (such as CO2 concentration). Earth’s geological history provides the scientific community with natural laboratories in which to understand Earth system processes that operate ...
... array of geological archives (Vaughan, 2007). These archives indicate that climate can respond rapidly to different forcings (such as CO2 concentration). Earth’s geological history provides the scientific community with natural laboratories in which to understand Earth system processes that operate ...
- Wiley Online Library
... by climate (Woodward 1987), which has had a clear warming trend for the past three decades (ACIA 2005; Chapman and Walsh 2007). This trend is expected to continue through the 21st century (Overland et al. 2004; Wolf et al. 2008). Vegetation has been extensively observed to have a considerable respon ...
... by climate (Woodward 1987), which has had a clear warming trend for the past three decades (ACIA 2005; Chapman and Walsh 2007). This trend is expected to continue through the 21st century (Overland et al. 2004; Wolf et al. 2008). Vegetation has been extensively observed to have a considerable respon ...
PDF
... summarizing a model, but a single number (resulting from constant values of the parameters on the right side of equation (1)) cannot capture both inter-generational equity over a long time scale and the opportunity cost of public funds. Our suggestion for assessing discounting parameters in climate ...
... summarizing a model, but a single number (resulting from constant values of the parameters on the right side of equation (1)) cannot capture both inter-generational equity over a long time scale and the opportunity cost of public funds. Our suggestion for assessing discounting parameters in climate ...
Acceleration technique for Milankovitch type forcing in a coupled
... survey is concerned with the middle to late Holocene, which can be considered as a relatively stable period, wherein rapid climate events were absent (Grootes et al. 1993, Clark et al. 2002). The temperature evolution of the Holocene is also important in light of recent climate change. The new third ...
... survey is concerned with the middle to late Holocene, which can be considered as a relatively stable period, wherein rapid climate events were absent (Grootes et al. 1993, Clark et al. 2002). The temperature evolution of the Holocene is also important in light of recent climate change. The new third ...
Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems structure and function
... percentage of full sunshine, annual [CO2] and soil texture class. Monthly fields of mean temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and the number of wet days on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid from 1901 to 2000 were taken from the Climatic Research Unit’s (CRU) data set called CRU TS 2.1 [Mitchell and Jones, 2005] ...
... percentage of full sunshine, annual [CO2] and soil texture class. Monthly fields of mean temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and the number of wet days on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid from 1901 to 2000 were taken from the Climatic Research Unit’s (CRU) data set called CRU TS 2.1 [Mitchell and Jones, 2005] ...
Climate Change and Extreme Events
... Climate and land-use change complicate current and future water management challenges through their complex and shifting interactions that alter space–time patterns of hydrological variability and induce uncertainty in the decision making processes. Limitations of traditional hydrological analyses a ...
... Climate and land-use change complicate current and future water management challenges through their complex and shifting interactions that alter space–time patterns of hydrological variability and induce uncertainty in the decision making processes. Limitations of traditional hydrological analyses a ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.