Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 associated with
... The largest effects are evident at northern latitudes, where warming over the past century has diminished temperature limitations (Fig. 5). The effect of greening on the global carbon cycle was secondary to the direct effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on GPP and Reco, and that of increasing tempe ...
... The largest effects are evident at northern latitudes, where warming over the past century has diminished temperature limitations (Fig. 5). The effect of greening on the global carbon cycle was secondary to the direct effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on GPP and Reco, and that of increasing tempe ...
the compendium of adaptation models for climate
... The previous binary classification between ICMs and ACMs is a preliminary categorization system; it does not provide information into the applicability of each model. Therefore, the models can be further differentiated by subcategories. The methodology of creating a typology for adaptation models as ...
... The previous binary classification between ICMs and ACMs is a preliminary categorization system; it does not provide information into the applicability of each model. Therefore, the models can be further differentiated by subcategories. The methodology of creating a typology for adaptation models as ...
Potential effects of climate change and rising CO2 on ecosystem
... understood mechanisms are more difficult to address and often require additional research. 2.4 Climate and Environmental Inputs PnET-CN requires monthly inputs of average maximum and minimum daily temperature, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), N deposition and atmospheric CO2 ...
... understood mechanisms are more difficult to address and often require additional research. 2.4 Climate and Environmental Inputs PnET-CN requires monthly inputs of average maximum and minimum daily temperature, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), N deposition and atmospheric CO2 ...
Glaciological conditions in seven contrasting regions estimated with
... a glacier melt model that can (1) receive input from a Global Climate Model (GCM), and (2) provide output to a model of glacier dynamics and/or geometry. Mountain glaciers and ice caps are usually much smaller than GCM grid resolution, and probably the best way to treat them is to aggregate glacier ...
... a glacier melt model that can (1) receive input from a Global Climate Model (GCM), and (2) provide output to a model of glacier dynamics and/or geometry. Mountain glaciers and ice caps are usually much smaller than GCM grid resolution, and probably the best way to treat them is to aggregate glacier ...
Financing Climate Policies through Climate Bonds
... According to the most recent IPCC report, average global temperatures have risen 0.85 degrees Celsius since 1880. IPCC (2015) suggests that the period 1983 2012 was likely the warmest 20 year period in the last 1400 years. The trajectory of future global temperatures then is highly dependent on the ...
... According to the most recent IPCC report, average global temperatures have risen 0.85 degrees Celsius since 1880. IPCC (2015) suggests that the period 1983 2012 was likely the warmest 20 year period in the last 1400 years. The trajectory of future global temperatures then is highly dependent on the ...
IPCC-ar4-wg1-chapter8-ClimateModels.pdf
... There is currently no consensus on the optimal way to divide computer resources among: finer numerical grids, which allow for better simulations; greater numbers of ensemble members, which allow for better statistical estimates of uncertainty; and inclusion of a more complete set of processes (e.g., ...
... There is currently no consensus on the optimal way to divide computer resources among: finer numerical grids, which allow for better simulations; greater numbers of ensemble members, which allow for better statistical estimates of uncertainty; and inclusion of a more complete set of processes (e.g., ...
Climate Models and Their Evaluation
... There is currently no consensus on the optimal way to divide computer resources among: finer numerical grids, which allow for better simulations; greater numbers of ensemble members, which allow for better statistical estimates of uncertainty; and inclusion of a more complete set of processes (e.g., ...
... There is currently no consensus on the optimal way to divide computer resources among: finer numerical grids, which allow for better simulations; greater numbers of ensemble members, which allow for better statistical estimates of uncertainty; and inclusion of a more complete set of processes (e.g., ...
Uncertainty and Decision Making in Climate Change Economics
... Uncertainty and Decision Making in Climate Change Economics Geoffrey Heal* and Antony Millnery ...
... Uncertainty and Decision Making in Climate Change Economics Geoffrey Heal* and Antony Millnery ...
Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate
... using the carbon-only version of their model is consistent with previous results using carbon-only models, in which radiatively-forced warming drives a net transfer of carbon from both land and oceans to the atmosphere (Matthews et al., 2007; Friedlingstein et al., 2006). For land, this positive fee ...
... using the carbon-only version of their model is consistent with previous results using carbon-only models, in which radiatively-forced warming drives a net transfer of carbon from both land and oceans to the atmosphere (Matthews et al., 2007; Friedlingstein et al., 2006). For land, this positive fee ...
Sensitivity of East Asian Climate to the Progressive Uplift and
... simulations to address the sensitivity of climate to global mountain height. For instance, Kutzbach et al. (1989) and Prell and Kutzbach (1992) conducted experiments without mountains, half mountains, and full mountains with the NCAR CCM series atmospheric models. Vavrus and Kutzbach (2002) used an ...
... simulations to address the sensitivity of climate to global mountain height. For instance, Kutzbach et al. (1989) and Prell and Kutzbach (1992) conducted experiments without mountains, half mountains, and full mountains with the NCAR CCM series atmospheric models. Vavrus and Kutzbach (2002) used an ...
A Sensitivity Study of Radiative Fluxes at the Top of Atmosphere to
... Ferrachat, 2010; Lee et al., 2012). Clouds affect the climate system by modifying radiation fluxes through the atmosphere (Loeb et al., 2009). Aerosols interact with solar radiation through absorption and scattering and to a lesser extent with terrestrial radiation (Forster et al., 2007). Aerosols c ...
... Ferrachat, 2010; Lee et al., 2012). Clouds affect the climate system by modifying radiation fluxes through the atmosphere (Loeb et al., 2009). Aerosols interact with solar radiation through absorption and scattering and to a lesser extent with terrestrial radiation (Forster et al., 2007). Aerosols c ...
Hydrologic impacts of climate change on the Nile River Basin
... mean hydrograph and also capture interannual flow variations. Since VIC was run at a finer spatial resolution than the General Circulation Models, a bias correction and spatial downscaling step (method described in the Section 2.5) was used to bridge the resolution gap between climate model and VIC ...
... mean hydrograph and also capture interannual flow variations. Since VIC was run at a finer spatial resolution than the General Circulation Models, a bias correction and spatial downscaling step (method described in the Section 2.5) was used to bridge the resolution gap between climate model and VIC ...
Climate change in Australia | Monsoonal North cluster report
... We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and I ...
... We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and I ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production in Nepal
... Since the study intends to assess the impact of climate on rice production, the study area is limited to the Terai region which includes 20 out of 75 districts of Nepal (see colored districts in Figure 1). The Terai plain’s elevation ranges from 60m to 330m, with a gentle southward slope (HMG/N 1988 ...
... Since the study intends to assess the impact of climate on rice production, the study area is limited to the Terai region which includes 20 out of 75 districts of Nepal (see colored districts in Figure 1). The Terai plain’s elevation ranges from 60m to 330m, with a gentle southward slope (HMG/N 1988 ...
Climate and carbon cycle dynamics in a CESM simulation from 850
... Compared to glacial–interglacial climate change, the last millennium experienced little climate variability, yet there is evidence for distinct climate states during that period (e.g., Lehner et al., 2012b; Keller et al., 2015). Within the last millennium, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ∼ AD 950 ...
... Compared to glacial–interglacial climate change, the last millennium experienced little climate variability, yet there is evidence for distinct climate states during that period (e.g., Lehner et al., 2012b; Keller et al., 2015). Within the last millennium, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ∼ AD 950 ...
Global changes in seasonal means and extremes of precipitation
... a level of significance of at least 5%. The grid points where the GEV model fits with a lower confidence (p values between 0.1 and 0.15) are localized in the surrounding of the very arid regions masked out from our analysis (represented in Figure 4 as the dotted black area). In these regions also th ...
... a level of significance of at least 5%. The grid points where the GEV model fits with a lower confidence (p values between 0.1 and 0.15) are localized in the surrounding of the very arid regions masked out from our analysis (represented in Figure 4 as the dotted black area). In these regions also th ...
Climate influences the demography of three dominant sagebrush
... Abstract. Climate change could alter the population growth of dominant species, leading to profound effects on community structure and ecosystem dynamics. Understanding the links between historical variation in climate and population vital rates (survival, growth, recruitment) is one way to predict ...
... Abstract. Climate change could alter the population growth of dominant species, leading to profound effects on community structure and ecosystem dynamics. Understanding the links between historical variation in climate and population vital rates (survival, growth, recruitment) is one way to predict ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.