The ground-based FTIR network`s potential for investigating the
... 16◦ 290 W at 2370 m a.s.l.; e.g. Schneider et al., 2008) are depicted in Fig. 2. We show H2 O and δD data for altitudes of 3 and 7 km, which are representative for the lower free and the middle subtropical troposphere and for the column integrated atmosphere. The FTIR measurements started in March 1 ...
... 16◦ 290 W at 2370 m a.s.l.; e.g. Schneider et al., 2008) are depicted in Fig. 2. We show H2 O and δD data for altitudes of 3 and 7 km, which are representative for the lower free and the middle subtropical troposphere and for the column integrated atmosphere. The FTIR measurements started in March 1 ...
Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios to model the amplified
... geomorphic change under climate change is the non-linearity of the systems involved which produce large uncertainties at each stage of the modelling chain: the uncertainty “cascade” (Schneider, 1983). Here we use a modelling cascade from GCMs, feeding into RCMs, which drive weather generators (or ot ...
... geomorphic change under climate change is the non-linearity of the systems involved which produce large uncertainties at each stage of the modelling chain: the uncertainty “cascade” (Schneider, 1983). Here we use a modelling cascade from GCMs, feeding into RCMs, which drive weather generators (or ot ...
AEROSOL INDIRECT EFFECT
... • Aerosol-cloud interactions are complex; many aspects are unknown or poorly understood. • Climate models provide limited information about clouds, and aerosols. Central problem of indirect effect: Determine the relationship between aerosol and cloud radiative properties, using the limited informati ...
... • Aerosol-cloud interactions are complex; many aspects are unknown or poorly understood. • Climate models provide limited information about clouds, and aerosols. Central problem of indirect effect: Determine the relationship between aerosol and cloud radiative properties, using the limited informati ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The location represented by driving distance from creeks in two watersheds in Texas was a significant factor in explaining one’s views on the level of water pollution in the creeks.(54) Scholars have also found that short-term weather fluctuations,(13,16) longer-run weather departures,(55,56) and lo ...
... The location represented by driving distance from creeks in two watersheds in Texas was a significant factor in explaining one’s views on the level of water pollution in the creeks.(54) Scholars have also found that short-term weather fluctuations,(13,16) longer-run weather departures,(55,56) and lo ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (CCSM4) (Gent et al. 2011) and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-ESM 2010) (Watanabe et al. 2011). The LGM climate over Europe as simulated by CCSM is colder and drier than that of MIROC (Schorr et al. 2012) and allowed us to evaluate modeling performance with two sets of cl ...
... (CCSM4) (Gent et al. 2011) and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-ESM 2010) (Watanabe et al. 2011). The LGM climate over Europe as simulated by CCSM is colder and drier than that of MIROC (Schorr et al. 2012) and allowed us to evaluate modeling performance with two sets of cl ...
The Need To Assess Spatial Variations In Climate Forcings - Suggestions For
... "regional variations in radiative forcing may have important regional and global climate implications that are not resolved by the concept of global mean radiative forcing.“ And furthermore: "Regional diabatic heating can cause atmospheric teleconnections that influence regional climate thousands of ...
... "regional variations in radiative forcing may have important regional and global climate implications that are not resolved by the concept of global mean radiative forcing.“ And furthermore: "Regional diabatic heating can cause atmospheric teleconnections that influence regional climate thousands of ...
Recent developments on the South American monsoon system
... indentified the major characteristics and functioning of the SAMS on various time scales. International programs such as the Monsoon Experiment in South America (MESA; www.clivar.org/vamos) from the World Climate Research Programme-Climate Variability and Predictability (WCRP CLIVAR) panel on the Va ...
... indentified the major characteristics and functioning of the SAMS on various time scales. International programs such as the Monsoon Experiment in South America (MESA; www.clivar.org/vamos) from the World Climate Research Programme-Climate Variability and Predictability (WCRP CLIVAR) panel on the Va ...
Future development in extreme one-hour precipitation over Europe
... event recorded as a point measurement is furthermore higher than an areal measurement (e.g. Einfalt et al., 1998; Jørgensen et al., 2006), and space-time downscaling, possibly using stochastic high-resolution rainfall time-space simulators (e.g. Willems, 2001), should therefore ideally be performed ...
... event recorded as a point measurement is furthermore higher than an areal measurement (e.g. Einfalt et al., 1998; Jørgensen et al., 2006), and space-time downscaling, possibly using stochastic high-resolution rainfall time-space simulators (e.g. Willems, 2001), should therefore ideally be performed ...
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... state-of-the-art gridded weather and soil moisture datasets. The NLDAS uses weather station, satellite, radar and reanalysis data together with four different land surface models to generate estimates of soil moisture across North America.1 These estimates account for parameters such as soil type, l ...
... state-of-the-art gridded weather and soil moisture datasets. The NLDAS uses weather station, satellite, radar and reanalysis data together with four different land surface models to generate estimates of soil moisture across North America.1 These estimates account for parameters such as soil type, l ...
Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence
... parts of the Amazon and Congo have avoided largescale conversion. In terms of climate the question is whether these LULCCs have altered local, regional, and global climate. The next section seeks to address this question using observed data and modeling simulations. Observed data is available for lo ...
... parts of the Amazon and Congo have avoided largescale conversion. In terms of climate the question is whether these LULCCs have altered local, regional, and global climate. The next section seeks to address this question using observed data and modeling simulations. Observed data is available for lo ...
An independent and combined effect analysis of land use and
... method was applied for an estimation of surface runoff volume. Evapotranspiration is evaluated by SWAT using various methods including FAO PenmaneMonteith, Hargreaves, and Priestley-Taylor. The Hargreaves method was found appropriate for this study based upon initial model performance before calibra ...
... method was applied for an estimation of surface runoff volume. Evapotranspiration is evaluated by SWAT using various methods including FAO PenmaneMonteith, Hargreaves, and Priestley-Taylor. The Hargreaves method was found appropriate for this study based upon initial model performance before calibra ...
Projected river discharge in the Euphrates Tigris Basin
... runoff outputs of 2 global climate models (GCMs) (the SRES A1B scenario simulation of ECHAM5/MPIOM and the RCP 4.5 scenario simulation of MPI-ESM-LR) and the dynamically downscaled outputs of ECHAM5/MPIOM and NCAR-CCSM3 scenario (SRES A1FI, A2 and B1) simulations. The suite of simulations enables a ...
... runoff outputs of 2 global climate models (GCMs) (the SRES A1B scenario simulation of ECHAM5/MPIOM and the RCP 4.5 scenario simulation of MPI-ESM-LR) and the dynamically downscaled outputs of ECHAM5/MPIOM and NCAR-CCSM3 scenario (SRES A1FI, A2 and B1) simulations. The suite of simulations enables a ...
Activity report_year N-Template - MONARCH-A
... Submitted paper and data sets on water level variations of some large Arctic rivers and lakes based on altimetry Assembling and archiving of 317 historical Russian permafrost maps (mostly digitized) Manuscript and analysis of available land cover and fire products, runoff, their trends and uncertain ...
... Submitted paper and data sets on water level variations of some large Arctic rivers and lakes based on altimetry Assembling and archiving of 317 historical Russian permafrost maps (mostly digitized) Manuscript and analysis of available land cover and fire products, runoff, their trends and uncertain ...
The Future of the Thermohaline Circulation – A
... The wide spread nature of these abrupt climate changes has been confirmed in many paleoclimatic records from different archives and different locations provided that the temporal resolution of these archives is sufficient. This evidence is reviewed in several recent papers (Broecker 1997; Stocker 20 ...
... The wide spread nature of these abrupt climate changes has been confirmed in many paleoclimatic records from different archives and different locations provided that the temporal resolution of these archives is sufficient. This evidence is reviewed in several recent papers (Broecker 1997; Stocker 20 ...
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... despite production decreases if commodity prices rise as a response. According to their spatial results, income in Austria declines in intensive arable regions but increases in extensive grassland areas in the Alpine regions. There findings generally indicate a shift of payments from intensive to ex ...
... despite production decreases if commodity prices rise as a response. According to their spatial results, income in Austria declines in intensive arable regions but increases in extensive grassland areas in the Alpine regions. There findings generally indicate a shift of payments from intensive to ex ...
Assessing potential climate change effects on loblolly pine growth: A
... For regional assessments, there are often insufficient data to parameterize existing models. Conversely, there may be experimental data germane to the question that are not being used by an existing model. We developed a new modeling approach to analyze the potential effects of climate change on the ...
... For regional assessments, there are often insufficient data to parameterize existing models. Conversely, there may be experimental data germane to the question that are not being used by an existing model. We developed a new modeling approach to analyze the potential effects of climate change on the ...
Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks
... atmospheric radiative forcing (see Chapter 9, Section 9.2.1). While many aspects of the response of the climate system to greenhouse gas forcing appear to be linear, regime or mode transitions cannot be quantified by a simple number because responses do not scale with the amplitude of the forcing: s ...
... atmospheric radiative forcing (see Chapter 9, Section 9.2.1). While many aspects of the response of the climate system to greenhouse gas forcing appear to be linear, regime or mode transitions cannot be quantified by a simple number because responses do not scale with the amplitude of the forcing: s ...
Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl
... but is within the range of uncertainties. The models consistently simulate higher OH concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) for the present-day (2000; inter-hemispheric ratios of 1.13 to 1.42), in contrast to observation-based approaches which gener ...
... but is within the range of uncertainties. The models consistently simulate higher OH concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) for the present-day (2000; inter-hemispheric ratios of 1.13 to 1.42), in contrast to observation-based approaches which gener ...
The Effect of Potential Future Climate Change on the Marine
... the geotherm and the phase curve for each time step at each model cell, enabling regional GHSZ variability to be modeled over time. The GHSZ within the model is confined to within ⬃120 km of coastlines to simulate an idealized continental margin, as this region experiences sufficient upwelling and c ...
... the geotherm and the phase curve for each time step at each model cell, enabling regional GHSZ variability to be modeled over time. The GHSZ within the model is confined to within ⬃120 km of coastlines to simulate an idealized continental margin, as this region experiences sufficient upwelling and c ...
How increasing CO2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse
... commonly positive; hence, the presence of the atmosphere reduces the TOA emission FTOA. Therefore, both the GHE and the instantaneous radiative forcing (∂FTOA/∂εc) are usually positive. However, if the surface is colder than the atmosphere, the sign of the second term in equation (1) is negative. C ...
... commonly positive; hence, the presence of the atmosphere reduces the TOA emission FTOA. Therefore, both the GHE and the instantaneous radiative forcing (∂FTOA/∂εc) are usually positive. However, if the surface is colder than the atmosphere, the sign of the second term in equation (1) is negative. C ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.