Dust Storm Modeling
... bananas, have appeared in the Caribbean within a few days after an outbreak in Africa. Bacterial pathogens of rice and beans in the Caribbean air samples, as well as those that cause disease in fruit and a variety of trees, from African air samples. Foot and Mouth Disease virus (endemic to sub-Sahar ...
... bananas, have appeared in the Caribbean within a few days after an outbreak in Africa. Bacterial pathogens of rice and beans in the Caribbean air samples, as well as those that cause disease in fruit and a variety of trees, from African air samples. Foot and Mouth Disease virus (endemic to sub-Sahar ...
Weather and climate: changing human exposures
... losses from winds surrounding the building. Yet the misnomer persists. For Earth as a whole, annual incoming solar radiation is balanced approximately by outgoing infrared radiation. Climate can be affected by any factor that alters the radiation balance or the redistribution of heat energy by the a ...
... losses from winds surrounding the building. Yet the misnomer persists. For Earth as a whole, annual incoming solar radiation is balanced approximately by outgoing infrared radiation. Climate can be affected by any factor that alters the radiation balance or the redistribution of heat energy by the a ...
Forest insects and climate change: longterm
... Received: 26 April 2013; Revised: 8 July 2013; Accepted: 10 July 2013 ...
... Received: 26 April 2013; Revised: 8 July 2013; Accepted: 10 July 2013 ...
Citizen Science Reveals Unexpected Continental-Scale
... modern dataset was compiled from professional and amateur samples made between 2000 and 2009, the majority being collected in 2009 by volunteers participating in the Evolution MegaLab. The modern dataset comprised samples from 2,990 populations of C. nemoralis containing at least 10 individuals. Ove ...
... modern dataset was compiled from professional and amateur samples made between 2000 and 2009, the majority being collected in 2009 by volunteers participating in the Evolution MegaLab. The modern dataset comprised samples from 2,990 populations of C. nemoralis containing at least 10 individuals. Ove ...
The Atmospheric Energy Constraint on Global
... entering the atmosphere through its top (the TOA) and its bottom (the earth’s surface). We can quantify these terms by examining the multimodel mean from 10 years of CMIP5 simulations. In these simulations, on average, LP is 85 W m22, SH is 20 W m22, and R is 2105 W m22, and these terms balance sinc ...
... entering the atmosphere through its top (the TOA) and its bottom (the earth’s surface). We can quantify these terms by examining the multimodel mean from 10 years of CMIP5 simulations. In these simulations, on average, LP is 85 W m22, SH is 20 W m22, and R is 2105 W m22, and these terms balance sinc ...
The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in
... emission by including temperature projections from an ensemble of climate models. The results point towards four overall issues. (1) Emissions can easily vary by 20 % for different geographical locations within a country due to overall variations in climate. The largest uncertainties are seen for la ...
... emission by including temperature projections from an ensemble of climate models. The results point towards four overall issues. (1) Emissions can easily vary by 20 % for different geographical locations within a country due to overall variations in climate. The largest uncertainties are seen for la ...
spline models of contemporary, 2030, 2060 and 2090 climates for
... Tarímbaro, Michoacán. 58880, México. Phone: + (52)(443) 334 0475 ext. 118, Fax ext. 200. 2Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA, Forest Service. 1221 S. Main, Moscow, Idaho, 83843, USA. 3Center de Foresterie des Laurentides, Service Canadien des Forets, Ressources Natur ...
... Tarímbaro, Michoacán. 58880, México. Phone: + (52)(443) 334 0475 ext. 118, Fax ext. 200. 2Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA, Forest Service. 1221 S. Main, Moscow, Idaho, 83843, USA. 3Center de Foresterie des Laurentides, Service Canadien des Forets, Ressources Natur ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Air Quality
... were compared to meteorological observations, providing a quantitative evaluation of the model performance. The years from 2000 to 2006 and 2047 to 2053 were chosen to represent the current and future climatology, respectively. An interval of approximately 50 years was taken because PCM has been kno ...
... were compared to meteorological observations, providing a quantitative evaluation of the model performance. The years from 2000 to 2006 and 2047 to 2053 were chosen to represent the current and future climatology, respectively. An interval of approximately 50 years was taken because PCM has been kno ...
Sensitivity of terrestrial precipitation trends to the structural evolution
... indicating that the leading PC of intermodel SST differences is associated with global mean SST increases (supporting information Figure S2). The largest related LSP changes occur over Australia, South America, the Horn of Africa, and the Arctic. Elsewhere, this relationship is relatively weak and s ...
... indicating that the leading PC of intermodel SST differences is associated with global mean SST increases (supporting information Figure S2). The largest related LSP changes occur over Australia, South America, the Horn of Africa, and the Arctic. Elsewhere, this relationship is relatively weak and s ...
Mid-Pliocene Westerlies from PlioMIP Simulations
... analyzed the behavior and the possible mechanism involved in the change of the westerlies, mainly in terms of the jet stream position, in the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.3 to 3.0 million years ago) using simulations of 15 climate models from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Comp ...
... analyzed the behavior and the possible mechanism involved in the change of the westerlies, mainly in terms of the jet stream position, in the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.3 to 3.0 million years ago) using simulations of 15 climate models from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Comp ...
Mechanisms of the African monsoon: new insights from
... drawn before models can be improved, with permanent feedback between these models and the observations require for continual progress to occur. Imperatively, it must not be forgotten that the models serve not only to predict climate 10 or 30 years ahead, but also at seasonal scale or even for 10-day ...
... drawn before models can be improved, with permanent feedback between these models and the observations require for continual progress to occur. Imperatively, it must not be forgotten that the models serve not only to predict climate 10 or 30 years ahead, but also at seasonal scale or even for 10-day ...
Inaugural Lecture
... Simon Tett, Chair of Earth System Dynamics & Modelling With thanks to Gabi Hegerl, Ben Santer, Phil Jones, Keith Briffa, Peter Thorne, ...
... Simon Tett, Chair of Earth System Dynamics & Modelling With thanks to Gabi Hegerl, Ben Santer, Phil Jones, Keith Briffa, Peter Thorne, ...
Historical Overview of Climate Change Science
... patterns tend to be more east-west than north-south. Embedded in the mid-latitude westerly winds are large-scale weather systems that act to transport heat toward the poles. These weather systems are the familiar migrating low- and high-pressure systems and their associated cold and warm fronts. Bec ...
... patterns tend to be more east-west than north-south. Embedded in the mid-latitude westerly winds are large-scale weather systems that act to transport heat toward the poles. These weather systems are the familiar migrating low- and high-pressure systems and their associated cold and warm fronts. Bec ...
Global warming and 21st century drying - Lamont
... atmosphere will increase the VPD. Importantly, VPD increases with warming, even at constant relative humidity (e.g., Anderson 1936). Actual evapotranspiration is expected to increase less than PET in areas where latent heat fluxes are, or will become, limited by moisture supply. Indeed, declines in ...
... atmosphere will increase the VPD. Importantly, VPD increases with warming, even at constant relative humidity (e.g., Anderson 1936). Actual evapotranspiration is expected to increase less than PET in areas where latent heat fluxes are, or will become, limited by moisture supply. Indeed, declines in ...
Projecting Antarctic ice discharge using response functions from
... the grounding line motion within the MISMIP intercomparisons only at significantly higher resolution (1 km or finer) than applied here. SICOPOLIS: the SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets is a three-dimensional, polythermal ice-sheet model that was originally created by Greve (1995, 1997) in a ...
... the grounding line motion within the MISMIP intercomparisons only at significantly higher resolution (1 km or finer) than applied here. SICOPOLIS: the SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets is a three-dimensional, polythermal ice-sheet model that was originally created by Greve (1995, 1997) in a ...
Modelling Freshwater Resources at the Global Scale: Challenges
... and return flows to surface water or groundwater bodies (Döll et al. 2012; Wada et al. 2011). Quantification of these flows is important for two reasons. On the one hand, water abstractions, consumptive water use (the part of the withdrawn water that evapotranspires during use) or net water abstrac ...
... and return flows to surface water or groundwater bodies (Döll et al. 2012; Wada et al. 2011). Quantification of these flows is important for two reasons. On the one hand, water abstractions, consumptive water use (the part of the withdrawn water that evapotranspires during use) or net water abstrac ...
Similar estimates of temperature impacts on global wheat
... Impacts for major wheat-producing countries To understand how the different methods project such similar temperature impacts on global wheat yields, we disaggregated the temperature impacts to the national scale. Point-based and gridbased simulations were compared for 97 countries (Fig. 2a). General ...
... Impacts for major wheat-producing countries To understand how the different methods project such similar temperature impacts on global wheat yields, we disaggregated the temperature impacts to the national scale. Point-based and gridbased simulations were compared for 97 countries (Fig. 2a). General ...
Greening of the Earth and its drivers
... measurements3–8 . Long-term changes in vegetation greenness are driven by multiple interacting biogeochemical drivers and land-use effects9 . Biogeochemical drivers include the fertilization effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ), regional climate change (temperature, precipitatio ...
... measurements3–8 . Long-term changes in vegetation greenness are driven by multiple interacting biogeochemical drivers and land-use effects9 . Biogeochemical drivers include the fertilization effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ), regional climate change (temperature, precipitatio ...
- Harvard University
... with unintended impacts on climate. Increasing evidence of health effects makes it likely that aerosols and ozone will be the targets of stricter regulations in the future. To date, control strategies have not considered the potential climatic implications of emissions reductions. Priority recommend ...
... with unintended impacts on climate. Increasing evidence of health effects makes it likely that aerosols and ozone will be the targets of stricter regulations in the future. To date, control strategies have not considered the potential climatic implications of emissions reductions. Priority recommend ...
impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle
... Aerosol Effects on Water Clouds and Warm Precipitation The indirect aerosol forcing of increasing cloud albedo for warm clouds does not have any direct impact on precipitation and therefore is not discussed any further. In addition aerosols increase the lifetime of clouds because increased concentra ...
... Aerosol Effects on Water Clouds and Warm Precipitation The indirect aerosol forcing of increasing cloud albedo for warm clouds does not have any direct impact on precipitation and therefore is not discussed any further. In addition aerosols increase the lifetime of clouds because increased concentra ...
Projected pH reductions by 2100 might put deep
... related tracers is represented including prognostic formulations for marine production, a seafloor sediment and a dynamic global vegetation model. This model is relatively costefficient compared to CMIP5 models. It is used to evaluate the order of magnitude of pH reductions associated with past abru ...
... related tracers is represented including prognostic formulations for marine production, a seafloor sediment and a dynamic global vegetation model. This model is relatively costefficient compared to CMIP5 models. It is used to evaluate the order of magnitude of pH reductions associated with past abru ...
Chapter 4 Climate change and its implications for catastrophe
... Atlantic basin and Japan. Whilst this cannot be attributed to climate change, it demonstrates the possibility of multiple catastrophic events in different countries within a relatively short time period. These patterns of natural climate variability can lead to an accumulation of seemingly unrelated ...
... Atlantic basin and Japan. Whilst this cannot be attributed to climate change, it demonstrates the possibility of multiple catastrophic events in different countries within a relatively short time period. These patterns of natural climate variability can lead to an accumulation of seemingly unrelated ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.