How increasing CO2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse
... commonly positive; hence, the presence of the atmosphere reduces the TOA emission FTOA. Therefore, both the GHE and the instantaneous radiative forcing (∂FTOA/∂εc) are usually positive. However, if the surface is colder than the atmosphere, the sign of the second term in equation (1) is negative. C ...
... commonly positive; hence, the presence of the atmosphere reduces the TOA emission FTOA. Therefore, both the GHE and the instantaneous radiative forcing (∂FTOA/∂εc) are usually positive. However, if the surface is colder than the atmosphere, the sign of the second term in equation (1) is negative. C ...
On the Relative Humidity of the Atmosphere
... understood, prospects for determining whether key processes operate in the same way in models as in the real world become brighter. Another reason for seeking a better mechanistic understanding of the relative humidity distribution is that such an understanding is a prerequisite for credible incorpo ...
... understood, prospects for determining whether key processes operate in the same way in models as in the real world become brighter. Another reason for seeking a better mechanistic understanding of the relative humidity distribution is that such an understanding is a prerequisite for credible incorpo ...
Effects of climate change on an emperor penguin population
... Sea ice conditions in the Antarctic affect the life cycle of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). We present a population projection for the emperor penguin population of Terre Adélie, Antarctica, by linking demographic models (stage-structured, seasonal, nonlinear, two-sex matrix population ...
... Sea ice conditions in the Antarctic affect the life cycle of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). We present a population projection for the emperor penguin population of Terre Adélie, Antarctica, by linking demographic models (stage-structured, seasonal, nonlinear, two-sex matrix population ...
Forced Sahel rainfall trends in the CMIP5 archive.
... surface in CMIP5 or even be amplified, given the additional uncertainty in the projected radiative forcings. When the individual model trends are shown against the typical range of comparable trends in the pre-industrial controls (Figure 3), they confirm that positive and negative projections are bo ...
... surface in CMIP5 or even be amplified, given the additional uncertainty in the projected radiative forcings. When the individual model trends are shown against the typical range of comparable trends in the pre-industrial controls (Figure 3), they confirm that positive and negative projections are bo ...
Predicting population consequences of ocean climate
... sites. In order to provide realistic forcing, the RCM was driven by boundary conditions from a fully coupled global climate model, the National Center for Atmosphere Research Climate System Model, which includes outputs from component dynamic atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface models (Dai ...
... sites. In order to provide realistic forcing, the RCM was driven by boundary conditions from a fully coupled global climate model, the National Center for Atmosphere Research Climate System Model, which includes outputs from component dynamic atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface models (Dai ...
A simple carbon cycle representation for
... We test the BEAM and DICE (2007 and 2010) carbon models against two intermediate complexity Earth system models used to study evolution of atmospheric CO2 : the University of Victoria Earth system climate model (UVic) (Eby et al, 2009) and the CLIMate and BiosphERe 2 model (CLIMBER-2) (Petoukhov et ...
... We test the BEAM and DICE (2007 and 2010) carbon models against two intermediate complexity Earth system models used to study evolution of atmospheric CO2 : the University of Victoria Earth system climate model (UVic) (Eby et al, 2009) and the CLIMate and BiosphERe 2 model (CLIMBER-2) (Petoukhov et ...
CLIMATE POLICY IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: THE ICLIPS
... valuation of non-market goods and ecosystem services is the most serious problem. The decades- or even centuries-long delay between incurring the emission reduction costs and redeeming the resulting benefits due to the inertia of the climate system, the rather asymmetric uncertainty positions (in wh ...
... valuation of non-market goods and ecosystem services is the most serious problem. The decades- or even centuries-long delay between incurring the emission reduction costs and redeeming the resulting benefits due to the inertia of the climate system, the rather asymmetric uncertainty positions (in wh ...
Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested
... ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at assessing the potential impacts of climate change on the depth and duration of soil frost under snow cover in forests growing at different geographical locations in Finland. Frost simulations using a process-based forest ecosystem model (FinnFor) were made for Scots ...
... ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at assessing the potential impacts of climate change on the depth and duration of soil frost under snow cover in forests growing at different geographical locations in Finland. Frost simulations using a process-based forest ecosystem model (FinnFor) were made for Scots ...
Figure 3-1 - Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
... A central goal of climate research is to determine the perceptible effects of climate change on humans; in other words, the regional and decadal scale effects of carbon dioxide forcing. Identifying the most pronounced and long-lasting responses of climate variables to forcing is important for decada ...
... A central goal of climate research is to determine the perceptible effects of climate change on humans; in other words, the regional and decadal scale effects of carbon dioxide forcing. Identifying the most pronounced and long-lasting responses of climate variables to forcing is important for decada ...
PDF
... change may be substantial and far-reaching, impacting agriculture, mortality, labor productivity, economic growth, civil conflict and migration (Burke and Emerick 2013, Deschenes and Greenstone 2007, Deschenes and Greenstone 2011, Dell et al. 2012, Feng et al. 2012, Graff Zivin and Neidell 2014, Hsi ...
... change may be substantial and far-reaching, impacting agriculture, mortality, labor productivity, economic growth, civil conflict and migration (Burke and Emerick 2013, Deschenes and Greenstone 2007, Deschenes and Greenstone 2011, Dell et al. 2012, Feng et al. 2012, Graff Zivin and Neidell 2014, Hsi ...
Effects of climate change on an emperor penguin population
... selecting climate models based on the agreement of their output with both the mean and the variance in observed sea ice. (4) To include stochasticity in the © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Global Change Biology, 18, 2756–2770 ...
... selecting climate models based on the agreement of their output with both the mean and the variance in observed sea ice. (4) To include stochasticity in the © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Global Change Biology, 18, 2756–2770 ...
LCCARL265_en.pdf
... • The rate of greenhouse gases emission and other pollutants • The response of the climate system (including the resulting regional patterns of climate change) to these emissions (Hulme et al., 2002). The first factor can be described using a range of emission scenarios based on different assumption ...
... • The rate of greenhouse gases emission and other pollutants • The response of the climate system (including the resulting regional patterns of climate change) to these emissions (Hulme et al., 2002). The first factor can be described using a range of emission scenarios based on different assumption ...
The World Meteorological Organization at a glance
... are collected by 10 000 land stations, 3 000 aircraft, 1 000 upperair stations and more than 1 000 ships working in tandem with 188 National Meteorological Centres and 50 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres. These are bolstered by 16 operational meteorological and 50 environmental research s ...
... are collected by 10 000 land stations, 3 000 aircraft, 1 000 upperair stations and more than 1 000 ships working in tandem with 188 National Meteorological Centres and 50 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres. These are bolstered by 16 operational meteorological and 50 environmental research s ...
Future Emissions and Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide
... Model Q in ‘Release 1’ were an earlier ‘ocean-only’ case, and the ocean differed slightly from the form used for later versions; and Model R denoted the version of IMAGE-2 with CO2 -climate feedback (subsequently denoted R ). Draft release 2. This was released to IPCC lead authors for comment and a ...
... Model Q in ‘Release 1’ were an earlier ‘ocean-only’ case, and the ocean differed slightly from the form used for later versions; and Model R denoted the version of IMAGE-2 with CO2 -climate feedback (subsequently denoted R ). Draft release 2. This was released to IPCC lead authors for comment and a ...
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics Working Paper Series
... 2010). For 2010, the central value is $21 per ton of CO2 emissions and sensitivity analysis is to be conducted at $5, $35, and $65.3 The $21, $5, and $35 values are based on the average SCC across the models and scenarios examined for the 5, 3, and 2.5 percent discount rates, respectively. The $65 v ...
... 2010). For 2010, the central value is $21 per ton of CO2 emissions and sensitivity analysis is to be conducted at $5, $35, and $65.3 The $21, $5, and $35 values are based on the average SCC across the models and scenarios examined for the 5, 3, and 2.5 percent discount rates, respectively. The $65 v ...
The response of the terrestrial biosphere to
... order to represent large horizontal scales (10–100 km) and to be able to capture radiative budgets, momentum, turbulent heat and ground fluxes from heterogeneous urban surfaces. Such generalisation allowed model applicability for multiple urban areas in the large model domain. The extracted maps of ...
... order to represent large horizontal scales (10–100 km) and to be able to capture radiative budgets, momentum, turbulent heat and ground fluxes from heterogeneous urban surfaces. Such generalisation allowed model applicability for multiple urban areas in the large model domain. The extracted maps of ...
Use Condition Based Reliability Evaluation of New
... • Pressure Cooker (PCT) - unbiased with conditions of 121 °C/100% RH (requires a pressure vessel) • Power cycling • Shock • Vibration • Preconditioning IIC). Determine if there are new requirements or uses that may require a new stress type. Two examples of this are “mated pair”testing where the com ...
... • Pressure Cooker (PCT) - unbiased with conditions of 121 °C/100% RH (requires a pressure vessel) • Power cycling • Shock • Vibration • Preconditioning IIC). Determine if there are new requirements or uses that may require a new stress type. Two examples of this are “mated pair”testing where the com ...
World Bank Document - Arab Trade Union Confederation
... particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source. Its large traditional agricultural base is undergoing intensive development and its long coastline is being eroded. Climate change could do severe damage to agricultural productivity if ...
... particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source. Its large traditional agricultural base is undergoing intensive development and its long coastline is being eroded. Climate change could do severe damage to agricultural productivity if ...
Official PDF , 39 pages
... particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source. Its large traditional agricultural base is undergoing intensive development and its long coastline is being eroded. Climate change could do severe damage to agricultural productivity if ...
... particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source. Its large traditional agricultural base is undergoing intensive development and its long coastline is being eroded. Climate change could do severe damage to agricultural productivity if ...
Comparison of land-surface humidity between observations and
... in HadISDH to pull out regions where there have been strong or weak changes over the period of the dataset (Sect. 3). We then assess whether the models broadly capture observed features in temperature, specific humidity and relative humidity on the largest temporal and spatial (zonal) scales (Sect. ...
... in HadISDH to pull out regions where there have been strong or weak changes over the period of the dataset (Sect. 3). We then assess whether the models broadly capture observed features in temperature, specific humidity and relative humidity on the largest temporal and spatial (zonal) scales (Sect. ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.