Climate controls on soil respired CO2 in the United States
... States, where we find a strong relationship between summer average soil-respired CO2 and mean annual precipitation for soils forming in or below 900 mm yr−1 precipitation (R2 = 0.91). The correlation breaks down when higher mean annual precipitation rates are considered, restricting the use of this r ...
... States, where we find a strong relationship between summer average soil-respired CO2 and mean annual precipitation for soils forming in or below 900 mm yr−1 precipitation (R2 = 0.91). The correlation breaks down when higher mean annual precipitation rates are considered, restricting the use of this r ...
The Climate System: an Overview
... They are part of the daily experience of human beings and are essential for health, food production and well-being. Many consider the prospect of human-induced climate change as a matter of concern. The IPCC Second Assessment Report (IPCC, 1996) (hereafter SAR) presented scientific evidence that hum ...
... They are part of the daily experience of human beings and are essential for health, food production and well-being. Many consider the prospect of human-induced climate change as a matter of concern. The IPCC Second Assessment Report (IPCC, 1996) (hereafter SAR) presented scientific evidence that hum ...
Temperatures in transient climates
... distribution of climate variables are atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs). GCMs are deterministic, physical models that are used to generate runs of modeled climate under, for example, varying forcing scenarios. While GCMs are deterministic, the climate system being modeled is chaotic ...
... distribution of climate variables are atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs). GCMs are deterministic, physical models that are used to generate runs of modeled climate under, for example, varying forcing scenarios. While GCMs are deterministic, the climate system being modeled is chaotic ...
- Wiley Online Library
... become identified with a confidence interval, determined from the consensus of an ever larger mix of modeling and observational studies [e.g., Knutti and Hegerl, 2008; Collins et al., 2013]. In emphasizing consensus, the physical underpinnings of each study are easily lost and there is little to rewar ...
... become identified with a confidence interval, determined from the consensus of an ever larger mix of modeling and observational studies [e.g., Knutti and Hegerl, 2008; Collins et al., 2013]. In emphasizing consensus, the physical underpinnings of each study are easily lost and there is little to rewar ...
Application of Self-Organizing-Maps Technique in Downscaling
... High resolution surface climate variables are required for end-users in climate change impact studies; however, information provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs) has a coarser resolution. Downscaling techniques such as that developed at the University of Cape Town, which is based on Self-Organizi ...
... High resolution surface climate variables are required for end-users in climate change impact studies; however, information provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs) has a coarser resolution. Downscaling techniques such as that developed at the University of Cape Town, which is based on Self-Organizi ...
Protection of the atmosphere
... not deal with specific substances, such as black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and other dual -impact substances, which are the subject of negotiations among States. The project will not seek to ‘fill’ gaps in the treaty regimes; (c) Questions relating to outer space, including its delimitation, are n ...
... not deal with specific substances, such as black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and other dual -impact substances, which are the subject of negotiations among States. The project will not seek to ‘fill’ gaps in the treaty regimes; (c) Questions relating to outer space, including its delimitation, are n ...
Detection and Attribution of Temperature Changes in the
... et al. 2007) and by various temperature-driven regional hydrological changes. The snow/rain partitioning of precipitation, for instance, has changed with more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, particularly in regions where mean winter minimum temperature rises above ⫺5°C and a warming t ...
... et al. 2007) and by various temperature-driven regional hydrological changes. The snow/rain partitioning of precipitation, for instance, has changed with more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, particularly in regions where mean winter minimum temperature rises above ⫺5°C and a warming t ...
... (2005, 2006), and concludes that ‘models and observations disagree to a statistically significant extent.’ This contradicts the findings of both Santer et al. (2005) and the previously mentioned CCSP and IPCC reports (Karl et al., 2006; IPCC, 2007). As DCPS07 note, their conclusions were reached ‘ba ...
On the relationship between personal experience, affect and risk perception: The case of climate change.
... and emotional responses diverge, reactions are more likely to be guided by affect. Yet, climate change is an evolutionarily novel risk that does not represent a clearly observable physical danger, and thus, there is no environmental cue present to automatically trigger an affective, fear-based fight- ...
... and emotional responses diverge, reactions are more likely to be guided by affect. Yet, climate change is an evolutionarily novel risk that does not represent a clearly observable physical danger, and thus, there is no environmental cue present to automatically trigger an affective, fear-based fight- ...
Two Decades of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
... and the statistical significance of apparent trends. Gaussian behavior is consistent with the central limit theorem for a process arising from numerous independent disturbances. In this case, generators include internal instabilities, changes in wind and buoyancy forcing fields, boundary waves, the ...
... and the statistical significance of apparent trends. Gaussian behavior is consistent with the central limit theorem for a process arising from numerous independent disturbances. In this case, generators include internal instabilities, changes in wind and buoyancy forcing fields, boundary waves, the ...
6. EU Innovative activities – Project GENESIS
... frequently used by European researchers • benchmark of 3 Pesticide Leaching models with a data-set of the GRUEcase study • EU-scale modelling of water flow and nitrate leaching by the SWAT-model ...
... frequently used by European researchers • benchmark of 3 Pesticide Leaching models with a data-set of the GRUEcase study • EU-scale modelling of water flow and nitrate leaching by the SWAT-model ...
Mid-21st century projections in temperature extremes in
... west and south of these mountains. The San Juan Mountains are the southern extent of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. The RCMs’ surface elevation for the region varies between 1,500 m (5,000 ft) and 3,350 m (11,000 ft). Although this RCM elevation range does not represent the actual orographic varia ...
... west and south of these mountains. The San Juan Mountains are the southern extent of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. The RCMs’ surface elevation for the region varies between 1,500 m (5,000 ft) and 3,350 m (11,000 ft). Although this RCM elevation range does not represent the actual orographic varia ...
Potential Vegetation and Carbon Redistribution in Northern North
... necessary to drive ED was chosen. The climate attributes that drive ED are specific humidity, surface temperature, precipitation, and photosynthetically active radiation. Though new climate change datasets are constantly produced they often do not contain the specific humidity data ED requires. For ...
... necessary to drive ED was chosen. The climate attributes that drive ED are specific humidity, surface temperature, precipitation, and photosynthetically active radiation. Though new climate change datasets are constantly produced they often do not contain the specific humidity data ED requires. For ...
Climate Impact Research in the BSR: State of the Art
... [email protected] Klaipeda Conference May 18-19th, 2006 ...
... [email protected] Klaipeda Conference May 18-19th, 2006 ...
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... who claim the need of robust science favouring more scientific research over policy actions, to the one of Yohe et al. (2004), who argue that uncertainty provides a reason to take specific policy action on the near term. Between these two positions there are a range of views about the implications o ...
... who claim the need of robust science favouring more scientific research over policy actions, to the one of Yohe et al. (2004), who argue that uncertainty provides a reason to take specific policy action on the near term. Between these two positions there are a range of views about the implications o ...
Factores de emprendimiento: Análisis de empresarios exitosos en
... lower-quality land will also be subject to greater yield variation. A final site variable included is location as proxied by latitude and longitude. It is assumed that sites further south and west will have higher yields than other locations if all else is held constant. A time-trend variable is als ...
... lower-quality land will also be subject to greater yield variation. A final site variable included is location as proxied by latitude and longitude. It is assumed that sites further south and west will have higher yields than other locations if all else is held constant. A time-trend variable is als ...
Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon
... Because MC 1 is a carbon accounting model, vegetation and soil carbon pools need to be initialized. Soil C pools require a long time to build up. Consequently, the model is run on long-term mean climate (1 year of average monthly climate data) until the slow soil C pool equilibrates. This may requir ...
... Because MC 1 is a carbon accounting model, vegetation and soil carbon pools need to be initialized. Soil C pools require a long time to build up. Consequently, the model is run on long-term mean climate (1 year of average monthly climate data) until the slow soil C pool equilibrates. This may requir ...
Opportunities and risks of climate change
... In 1994, when Swiss Re published “Global warming: element of risk”, its first brochure on the climate issue, there was still a great deal of uncertainty as to whether global climate could be influenced noticeably by human intervention. Today, global warming is a fact. The climate has changed: visibl ...
... In 1994, when Swiss Re published “Global warming: element of risk”, its first brochure on the climate issue, there was still a great deal of uncertainty as to whether global climate could be influenced noticeably by human intervention. Today, global warming is a fact. The climate has changed: visibl ...
Hydroclimatic Variability and Predictability: A Survey of Recent
... Given its societal relevance, drought has been tracked extensively in recent years. In the United States, the U.S. Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home.aspx) provides a current weekly map of drought conditions, and the U.S. ...
... Given its societal relevance, drought has been tracked extensively in recent years. In the United States, the U.S. Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home.aspx) provides a current weekly map of drought conditions, and the U.S. ...
The Indian monsoon and climate change
... and provides more than 75% of total annual rainfall. Agricultural and industrial consumers require reliable source of water, together with an appropriate forecast on seasonal and intraseasonal timescales. How monsoon characteristics may change in the future is a key goal of climate research. ...
... and provides more than 75% of total annual rainfall. Agricultural and industrial consumers require reliable source of water, together with an appropriate forecast on seasonal and intraseasonal timescales. How monsoon characteristics may change in the future is a key goal of climate research. ...
Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in future scenarios
... The C-ESM consists of an atmosphere-ocean-sea ice physical core coupled to land and ocean carbon cycle components. The technical description of the atmosphere-ocean coupling as well as the closure of the carbon cycle are described in Fogli et al. (2009), while the evaluation of the model in terms of ...
... The C-ESM consists of an atmosphere-ocean-sea ice physical core coupled to land and ocean carbon cycle components. The technical description of the atmosphere-ocean coupling as well as the closure of the carbon cycle are described in Fogli et al. (2009), while the evaluation of the model in terms of ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.