The Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) contribution
... new agricultural management layers such as gridded nitrogen fertilizer usage based on Zhang et al. (2015), gridded irrigated areas (based on HYDE3.2), and gridded areas flooded for rice (also based on HYDE3.2), as well as the disaggregation of wood harvest into fuel wood and industrial roundwood (i. ...
... new agricultural management layers such as gridded nitrogen fertilizer usage based on Zhang et al. (2015), gridded irrigated areas (based on HYDE3.2), and gridded areas flooded for rice (also based on HYDE3.2), as well as the disaggregation of wood harvest into fuel wood and industrial roundwood (i. ...
Introduction: Humidity and Climate Change
... All instruments have potential for error. Wet-bulb thermometers can be affected by: both under- and over-ventilation depending on the Screen location; the presence of the observer which can cause positive errors in both T and Tw; and by heat conduction from dry parts of the thermometer depending on ...
... All instruments have potential for error. Wet-bulb thermometers can be affected by: both under- and over-ventilation depending on the Screen location; the presence of the observer which can cause positive errors in both T and Tw; and by heat conduction from dry parts of the thermometer depending on ...
Future Projection
... from 20th century runs of regional climate models (RCMs) with the historical observations from climate stations within Ohio to evaluate the accuracy of the models and identify the biases. We then apply the bias correction to the 21st century runs of climate models for daily precipitation to make pro ...
... from 20th century runs of regional climate models (RCMs) with the historical observations from climate stations within Ohio to evaluate the accuracy of the models and identify the biases. We then apply the bias correction to the 21st century runs of climate models for daily precipitation to make pro ...
DOES WEATHER IMPACT ON COMMUTERS` TRAVEL DEMAND
... shopping, social/entertainment or recreation trip due to some of offered adverse weather conditions (temperatures under 0 ° C, heavy rain, snow or sleet, snow on road, "freezing rain", fog, temperatures above 30 ° C, Strong wind or /storm). Survey showed that demand is most affected by heavy rain, f ...
... shopping, social/entertainment or recreation trip due to some of offered adverse weather conditions (temperatures under 0 ° C, heavy rain, snow or sleet, snow on road, "freezing rain", fog, temperatures above 30 ° C, Strong wind or /storm). Survey showed that demand is most affected by heavy rain, f ...
Sensitivity Analysis of a Leaf Photosynthesis
... parameter contains uncertainties. Many of the parameters may be challenging to measure by experiments. Additionally, some parameters may be unknown. Reducing the number of parameters thus is one appealing option when improving a model. In general, the solution to the problem with uncertainties is th ...
... parameter contains uncertainties. Many of the parameters may be challenging to measure by experiments. Additionally, some parameters may be unknown. Reducing the number of parameters thus is one appealing option when improving a model. In general, the solution to the problem with uncertainties is th ...
The importance of ENSO phase during volcanic eruptions
... from the CMIP5 archive (see Tables S1–S3 for details). All model output is bilinearly regridded to 5° × 5° and then masked according to where observations exist in the HadCRUT4 data set on a monthly basis. In addition to CMIP5 we use the 40-member Community Earth System Model (CESM1) Large Ensemble ...
... from the CMIP5 archive (see Tables S1–S3 for details). All model output is bilinearly regridded to 5° × 5° and then masked according to where observations exist in the HadCRUT4 data set on a monthly basis. In addition to CMIP5 we use the 40-member Community Earth System Model (CESM1) Large Ensemble ...
Use of models in detection and attribution of climate change
... surface temperature. One of the first few EOFs is often associated with a long-term trend.20 that does not appear to be internal to the climate system. However, EOFs may confound multiple aspects of change from different physical processes that are associated with long timescales. Spatial associatio ...
... surface temperature. One of the first few EOFs is often associated with a long-term trend.20 that does not appear to be internal to the climate system. However, EOFs may confound multiple aspects of change from different physical processes that are associated with long timescales. Spatial associatio ...
The Hydrological Cycle of the Mediterranean
... In spite of their importance, changes in Sea evaporation and surface fresh water fluxes (potentially a combination of precipitation and evaporation changes) in the recent past, are yet to be fully quantified. A number of previous studies have indicated a long-term increase in Western Mediterranean D ...
... In spite of their importance, changes in Sea evaporation and surface fresh water fluxes (potentially a combination of precipitation and evaporation changes) in the recent past, are yet to be fully quantified. A number of previous studies have indicated a long-term increase in Western Mediterranean D ...
Introduction to atmospheric aerosols
... provide a surface on which chlorine can react with ozone more rapidly. In other words, atmospheric aerosols can make chlorine more effective at destroying ozone. ...
... provide a surface on which chlorine can react with ozone more rapidly. In other words, atmospheric aerosols can make chlorine more effective at destroying ozone. ...
PDF
... counties and the estimated annual losses are about $5 to $5.3 billion for dryland non-urban counties. The study acknowledges that adding the impact on irrigated areas may potentially yield greater estimates of losses but the exact magnitude is uncertain. Schlenker, Hannemann, and Fisher (2007) exami ...
... counties and the estimated annual losses are about $5 to $5.3 billion for dryland non-urban counties. The study acknowledges that adding the impact on irrigated areas may potentially yield greater estimates of losses but the exact magnitude is uncertain. Schlenker, Hannemann, and Fisher (2007) exami ...
Sea Ice–Albedo Feedback and Nonlinear Arctic Climate Change
... make up nearly all of the OLR; the surface flux is small [Serreze and Barry, 2005]. Since atmospheric heat transport is a big player in Arctic climate, it would not likely stand on the sidelines letting OLR completely balance a large change in absorbed shortwave radiation. Indeed, it is probable tha ...
... make up nearly all of the OLR; the surface flux is small [Serreze and Barry, 2005]. Since atmospheric heat transport is a big player in Arctic climate, it would not likely stand on the sidelines letting OLR completely balance a large change in absorbed shortwave radiation. Indeed, it is probable tha ...
Projection of Climate Change Scenarios in Different Temperature
... this century, with an increase of 0.3–4.8 ◦ C expected by the end of the century [1]. Global warming will have a significant impact on local climatic and hydrologic processes, resulting in a series of problems such as mutated water cycles, inhomogeneous spatial distribution of precipitation, and mor ...
... this century, with an increase of 0.3–4.8 ◦ C expected by the end of the century [1]. Global warming will have a significant impact on local climatic and hydrologic processes, resulting in a series of problems such as mutated water cycles, inhomogeneous spatial distribution of precipitation, and mor ...
Improving predictions and management of hydrological extremes
... Together with research funding through many national public programmes, this has led to an impressive increase in our understanding of climate, its drivers, and consequences of climate change on our environment, society and economic sectors, as documented in the IPCC assessment report series (e.g. K ...
... Together with research funding through many national public programmes, this has led to an impressive increase in our understanding of climate, its drivers, and consequences of climate change on our environment, society and economic sectors, as documented in the IPCC assessment report series (e.g. K ...
Understanding future patterns of increased precipitation intensity in
... century after Tebaldi et al. (submitted manuscript, 2005). The individual models’ patterns have been first normalized with respect to the standard deviation of the detrended time series computed at each individual gridpoint over the 1960– 2099 period, in order to correct for the different absolute m ...
... century after Tebaldi et al. (submitted manuscript, 2005). The individual models’ patterns have been first normalized with respect to the standard deviation of the detrended time series computed at each individual gridpoint over the 1960– 2099 period, in order to correct for the different absolute m ...
Three-dimensional Models of the Membranous Vestibular Labyrinth
... mechanical and fluid mechanical modeling of these processes requires an accurate geometrical model of the membranous labyrinth structures as a basis. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of membranous structures in the inner ear can be used for analysis the biomechanical processes of b ...
... mechanical and fluid mechanical modeling of these processes requires an accurate geometrical model of the membranous labyrinth structures as a basis. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of membranous structures in the inner ear can be used for analysis the biomechanical processes of b ...
Climate Change Impacts on Environmental Hazards on the Great
... Excess water affects mostly lowland areas, causing damages to agriculture, soil structure, and inundated urban areas (Likens 2009; Rakonczai et al. 2011; van Leeuwen 2012; Julian et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2013). Excess water occurs regularly in the Carpathian Basin, typically at the end of winter and ...
... Excess water affects mostly lowland areas, causing damages to agriculture, soil structure, and inundated urban areas (Likens 2009; Rakonczai et al. 2011; van Leeuwen 2012; Julian et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2013). Excess water occurs regularly in the Carpathian Basin, typically at the end of winter and ...
Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial
... such as fire, windthrow, disease, or insect attack, and neither is there any explicit representation of herbivory. The implicit assumption in the model, therefore, is that natural disturbance regimes remain constant over time. This may be a limitation of the model when used in climate change studies ...
... such as fire, windthrow, disease, or insect attack, and neither is there any explicit representation of herbivory. The implicit assumption in the model, therefore, is that natural disturbance regimes remain constant over time. This may be a limitation of the model when used in climate change studies ...
Climate change in Australia | Central Slopes cluster report
... We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and I ...
... We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and I ...
Climate risks and their impact on agriculture and forests in Switzerland
... a number of documented storms (e.g., Goyette et al. 2001, 2003). Simulated hourly means may then be compared with observations if grid spacing is on the order of 1–2 km. In addition, hourly maximum wind speed may be compared if a gust parameterization is implemented in the model. As an example, Figu ...
... a number of documented storms (e.g., Goyette et al. 2001, 2003). Simulated hourly means may then be compared with observations if grid spacing is on the order of 1–2 km. In addition, hourly maximum wind speed may be compared if a gust parameterization is implemented in the model. As an example, Figu ...
Simple indices of global climate variability and change: Part I
... variability and correlation structure of these indices on interannual and decadal time scales. The indices are used to evaluate the performance of control climate model simulations of internal climate variability. As the indices are expected to contain independent information for internal climate va ...
... variability and correlation structure of these indices on interannual and decadal time scales. The indices are used to evaluate the performance of control climate model simulations of internal climate variability. As the indices are expected to contain independent information for internal climate va ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.