The Role of Stochastic Forcing on the Behavior of Thermohaline
... of climate change produced by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The fate of THC under these new conditions has been the subject of scientific debate since the work of Broecker.19 Broecker warned about the possibility of sudden climate change from a switch in North Atlantic circ ...
... of climate change produced by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The fate of THC under these new conditions has been the subject of scientific debate since the work of Broecker.19 Broecker warned about the possibility of sudden climate change from a switch in North Atlantic circ ...
Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost from Climate Models
... Permafrost is a characteristic aspect of the terrestrial Arctic and the fate of near-surface permafrost over the next century is likely to exert strong controls on Arctic hydrology and biogeochemistry. Using output from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the author ...
... Permafrost is a characteristic aspect of the terrestrial Arctic and the fate of near-surface permafrost over the next century is likely to exert strong controls on Arctic hydrology and biogeochemistry. Using output from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the author ...
4 Climate change impacts in a context of full
... figures (implying gains from climate change), to values higher than 800 $/tC. The ...
... figures (implying gains from climate change), to values higher than 800 $/tC. The ...
A spatiotemporal analysis of US station temperature trends over the
... climate system is long-range serially correlated, unlike white noise, and over a longer range than AR(1) [e.g., Huybers and Curry, 2006; Koscielny-Bunde et al., 1998; Franzke, 2010]. For this reason, we will also use a long-range dependent process in our trend analysis. [7] In the present paper, we ...
... climate system is long-range serially correlated, unlike white noise, and over a longer range than AR(1) [e.g., Huybers and Curry, 2006; Koscielny-Bunde et al., 1998; Franzke, 2010]. For this reason, we will also use a long-range dependent process in our trend analysis. [7] In the present paper, we ...
KWP 1808
... 1990 (Rogelj et al., 2011). By 2005, about 50% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere can be attributed to developed countries (Höhne et al., 2011a). However, the greater share of future emissions is expected to come from developing countries. Already, developing countri ...
... 1990 (Rogelj et al., 2011). By 2005, about 50% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere can be attributed to developed countries (Höhne et al., 2011a). However, the greater share of future emissions is expected to come from developing countries. Already, developing countri ...
New Insights on the Physical Nature of the Atmospheric Greenhouse
... underlying Greenhouse theory. We present here a new investigation into the physical nature of the atmospheric thermal effect using a novel empirical approach toward predicting the Global Mean Annual near-surface equilibrium Temperature (GMAT) of rocky planets with diverse atmospheres. Our method uti ...
... underlying Greenhouse theory. We present here a new investigation into the physical nature of the atmospheric thermal effect using a novel empirical approach toward predicting the Global Mean Annual near-surface equilibrium Temperature (GMAT) of rocky planets with diverse atmospheres. Our method uti ...
draft for USGS Review - UAF SNAP
... Data from the eddy covariance sites indicate that the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of a rich fen, thermokarst collapse scar bog, and black spruce forest is sensitive hot, dry conditions. We find large amounts of interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange at the thermokarst collapse scar bog, ...
... Data from the eddy covariance sites indicate that the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of a rich fen, thermokarst collapse scar bog, and black spruce forest is sensitive hot, dry conditions. We find large amounts of interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange at the thermokarst collapse scar bog, ...
The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific and El Niño
... gases. It shows how progress in climate change research can be made even when presented with such a complex system with many interacting physical processes. Nevertheless, there are complications to that story. CGCMs have common spatial biases such as extensive cold tongues and “double ITCZs”39. In s ...
... gases. It shows how progress in climate change research can be made even when presented with such a complex system with many interacting physical processes. Nevertheless, there are complications to that story. CGCMs have common spatial biases such as extensive cold tongues and “double ITCZs”39. In s ...
Climate-human-environment interactions: resolving our past
... energy, matter and information between the three state systems that may define externally-driven causality and feedback. Circular arrows within each box represent internal dynamical processes (Dearing, 2006a). ...
... energy, matter and information between the three state systems that may define externally-driven causality and feedback. Circular arrows within each box represent internal dynamical processes (Dearing, 2006a). ...
![[pdf]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008848409_1-cbcfc4c3cc5f9daa1534bf2dca05c55a-300x300.png)
The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models
... ENSO intensity is found to increase gradually from the preindustrial simulation to the historical simulation and to the RCP4.5 projection, while the EP ENSO intensity is found to increase and then decrease during these three climate conditions. However, it should be cautioned that the changes of ENS ...
... ENSO intensity is found to increase gradually from the preindustrial simulation to the historical simulation and to the RCP4.5 projection, while the EP ENSO intensity is found to increase and then decrease during these three climate conditions. However, it should be cautioned that the changes of ENS ...
Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on the Supply of Phosphate
... important of which are the phosphorus concentration in the direct runoff from the different land use categories and a basin-wide phosphorous concentration for base flow. If appropriate, additional information on potential sources such as watershed population, septic system performance, and estimates ...
... important of which are the phosphorus concentration in the direct runoff from the different land use categories and a basin-wide phosphorous concentration for base flow. If appropriate, additional information on potential sources such as watershed population, septic system performance, and estimates ...
Impact of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet interactions on climate
... slopes, it is further assumed that any melt water produced on the surface of Antarctic ice shelves refreezes in situ at the end of the summer season, and therefore does not escape to the ocean. Isostasy is taken into account for its effect on bed elevation near grounding lines and marginal ablation ...
... slopes, it is further assumed that any melt water produced on the surface of Antarctic ice shelves refreezes in situ at the end of the summer season, and therefore does not escape to the ocean. Isostasy is taken into account for its effect on bed elevation near grounding lines and marginal ablation ...
1 WEATHER AND CLIMATE SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE LAKE
... In the past, ‘climate services’ that embrace past, present and future climate information, assessment and advice on climaterelated issues have somewhat developed as an extension of weather services which extend from monitoring, analysis, and seamless prediction f ...
... In the past, ‘climate services’ that embrace past, present and future climate information, assessment and advice on climaterelated issues have somewhat developed as an extension of weather services which extend from monitoring, analysis, and seamless prediction f ...
Robust Land–Ocean Contrasts in Energy and Water Cycle Feedbacks
... over land in a warming climate, this study examines simulated land–ocean contrasts in fully coupled projections from the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) archive. In addition to the projection of disproportionate changes in temperature and moisture over land, the analysis reveals ...
... over land in a warming climate, this study examines simulated land–ocean contrasts in fully coupled projections from the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) archive. In addition to the projection of disproportionate changes in temperature and moisture over land, the analysis reveals ...
PDF
... researchers and policymakers due to its special features (Weather Risk Management Association). For example, rainfall insurance has been introduced in the United States as an alternative to multi-peril crop insurance product. Unlike the traditional crop insurance contract, the weather insurance cont ...
... researchers and policymakers due to its special features (Weather Risk Management Association). For example, rainfall insurance has been introduced in the United States as an alternative to multi-peril crop insurance product. Unlike the traditional crop insurance contract, the weather insurance cont ...
Understanding Seasonal Variability in thin Cirrus Clouds from
... crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over several decades both from in-situ measurements through airborne probes ...
... crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over several decades both from in-situ measurements through airborne probes ...
Ideas and perspectives: climate-relevant marine biologically driven
... change if they lead to a change in global energy (heat) content and distribution. These are, with decreasing levels of directness, (i) mechanisms with an immediate impact on the planetary albedo and/or sea surface temperature, (ii) mechanisms which change the content and distribution of greenhouse g ...
... change if they lead to a change in global energy (heat) content and distribution. These are, with decreasing levels of directness, (i) mechanisms with an immediate impact on the planetary albedo and/or sea surface temperature, (ii) mechanisms which change the content and distribution of greenhouse g ...
onp_draft_112011 - University of Washington
... frequency, or 7Q10, to determine low flow thresholds. Like flood frequency analyses, estimates of the 7Q10 are conventionally calculated using historical streamflow records, which would disregard the effects of projected changes in the regional climate. In support of the effort by the ONF/ONP partne ...
... frequency, or 7Q10, to determine low flow thresholds. Like flood frequency analyses, estimates of the 7Q10 are conventionally calculated using historical streamflow records, which would disregard the effects of projected changes in the regional climate. In support of the effort by the ONF/ONP partne ...
Multicentury Changes to the Global Climate and Carbon Cycle
... bon pool was shrinking because of climate change– induced increases in heterotrophic respiration. Mathews et al. (2005) investigated the climate– carbon feedbacks in the University of Victoria (Uvic) climate–carbon cycle model. Several results from their modeling study are complimentary to the resul ...
... bon pool was shrinking because of climate change– induced increases in heterotrophic respiration. Mathews et al. (2005) investigated the climate– carbon feedbacks in the University of Victoria (Uvic) climate–carbon cycle model. Several results from their modeling study are complimentary to the resul ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.