An overview of regional land-use and land
... In Nebraska, as in much of the U.S. High Plains, corn is the dominant crop cultivated during the warm season months (Williams and Murfield, 1977). Much of the corn area replaced the tall grass prairie. Irrigated corn, which represented about 10% of total corn-producing areas during the early 1950s, ...
... In Nebraska, as in much of the U.S. High Plains, corn is the dominant crop cultivated during the warm season months (Williams and Murfield, 1977). Much of the corn area replaced the tall grass prairie. Irrigated corn, which represented about 10% of total corn-producing areas during the early 1950s, ...
... In Nebraska, as in much of the U.S. High Plains, corn is the dominant crop cultivated during the warm season months (Williams and Murfield, 1977). Much of the corn area replaced the tall grass prairie. Irrigated corn, which represented about 10% of total corn-producing areas during the early 1950s, ...
Predicting survival, reproduction and abundance of polar bears
... abundance (Amstrup et al., 2007; Hunter et al., 2007), and each of these studies had to rely on some form of extrapolation or expert judgment to parameterize suggested population models due to the lack of data relating present to future conditions. These analyses are important steps, and they provid ...
... abundance (Amstrup et al., 2007; Hunter et al., 2007), and each of these studies had to rely on some form of extrapolation or expert judgment to parameterize suggested population models due to the lack of data relating present to future conditions. These analyses are important steps, and they provid ...
Climate Change Projections over India by a
... © The Korean Meteorological Society and Springer 2016 ...
... © The Korean Meteorological Society and Springer 2016 ...
Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand Rainfall
... rainfall. The expectation was that such an analog approach should provide useful information on local spatial scales about extreme rainfall behavior that is not available directly from GCM output. Given that the basic physics of the atmosphere can be considered invariant, warm and windy periods from ...
... rainfall. The expectation was that such an analog approach should provide useful information on local spatial scales about extreme rainfall behavior that is not available directly from GCM output. Given that the basic physics of the atmosphere can be considered invariant, warm and windy periods from ...
Consistent increase in Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability
... range of responses within an RCP (Schewe et al., 2011). Historical simulations are based on solar and volcanic forcing, land use, observed concentrations of greenhouse gases, and reconstructed aerosol emissions. Future projections are based on the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (M ...
... range of responses within an RCP (Schewe et al., 2011). Historical simulations are based on solar and volcanic forcing, land use, observed concentrations of greenhouse gases, and reconstructed aerosol emissions. Future projections are based on the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (M ...
IEM_Final_Report-draft-29sep16 - UAF SNAP
... available to support the proposed modeling efforts. This included a survey into the strengths and weaknesses of historically observed vs historical reanalysis data. Climatic Research Unit (CRU) high resolution climate data (Harris et al. 2014) was chosen due to long record, a relatively rapid update ...
... available to support the proposed modeling efforts. This included a survey into the strengths and weaknesses of historically observed vs historical reanalysis data. Climatic Research Unit (CRU) high resolution climate data (Harris et al. 2014) was chosen due to long record, a relatively rapid update ...
Future Climate: Projected Average
... A typical GCM grid spacing is about 62 miles (100 km) or greater, which is inadequate for creating projections and evaluating impacts of climate change at a regional scale. Thus, a “downscaling” procedure is needed to provide finer spatial detail of the model results. Downscaling is done in two ways ...
... A typical GCM grid spacing is about 62 miles (100 km) or greater, which is inadequate for creating projections and evaluating impacts of climate change at a regional scale. Thus, a “downscaling” procedure is needed to provide finer spatial detail of the model results. Downscaling is done in two ways ...
PDF
... weather conditions affect crop growth, crop growth models are typically complex and require extensive, detailed information (Walker, 1989), which makes them less applicable in studies with large spatial scales. Compared with crop growth models, regression models have fewer data demands (Horie, Yajim ...
... weather conditions affect crop growth, crop growth models are typically complex and require extensive, detailed information (Walker, 1989), which makes them less applicable in studies with large spatial scales. Compared with crop growth models, regression models have fewer data demands (Horie, Yajim ...
Downscaling climate change scenarios for apple pest and disease
... Note that assumptions inherent in many climate projections are that the range of model uncertainty is fully sampled by the available model projections, and that systematic model biases do not change with time. These assumptions were also made here (for more details, see Fischer et al., 2011). Despit ...
... Note that assumptions inherent in many climate projections are that the range of model uncertainty is fully sampled by the available model projections, and that systematic model biases do not change with time. These assumptions were also made here (for more details, see Fischer et al., 2011). Despit ...
The response of Great Lakes water levels to
... 1970–1999 for each month of the year and expressed as either ratios or differences depending on the variable. Change functions were computed for maximum, minimum, and mean temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation for each of three future periods (2005–2034, 2035–2064, an ...
... 1970–1999 for each month of the year and expressed as either ratios or differences depending on the variable. Change functions were computed for maximum, minimum, and mean temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation for each of three future periods (2005–2034, 2035–2064, an ...
Comment by: Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. Knappenberger
... functions in these IAMs are typically calibrated by estimating damages at moderate temperature increases (e.g., DICE was calibrated at 2.5 °C) and extrapolated to far higher temperatures by assuming that damages increase as some power of the temperature change. Hence, estimated damages are far more ...
... functions in these IAMs are typically calibrated by estimating damages at moderate temperature increases (e.g., DICE was calibrated at 2.5 °C) and extrapolated to far higher temperatures by assuming that damages increase as some power of the temperature change. Hence, estimated damages are far more ...
Hydrological Climate Change Impact Assessment at Small and
... approach where climate model output data, usually precipitation and temperature from a Regional Climate Model (RCM), are extracted for the basin in question and then used to drive a hydrological model. It was early recognized that uncertainties in climate modelling had a strong influence on hydrolog ...
... approach where climate model output data, usually precipitation and temperature from a Regional Climate Model (RCM), are extracted for the basin in question and then used to drive a hydrological model. It was early recognized that uncertainties in climate modelling had a strong influence on hydrolog ...
The polar amplification asymmetry: role of Antarctic surface height
... The Community Earth System Model (CESM) (Hurrell et al., 2013) version 1.0.6 was used in the Community Climate System Model Version 4 (CCSM4) configuration (Gent et al., 2011) to perform a set of idealized 600-year coupled model sensitivity runs. The atmospheric component (using the Community Atmosp ...
... The Community Earth System Model (CESM) (Hurrell et al., 2013) version 1.0.6 was used in the Community Climate System Model Version 4 (CCSM4) configuration (Gent et al., 2011) to perform a set of idealized 600-year coupled model sensitivity runs. The atmospheric component (using the Community Atmosp ...
Scenarios of Storminess and Regional Wind Extremes under
... The data sets we are working with here – an ensemble of global climate models (GCMs), and the New Zealand Regional Climate Model (RCM) – therefore cannot provide a realistic intensity of wind extremes that might be experienced at a point (Pryor et al., 2006). A further limitation is that the GCM dat ...
... The data sets we are working with here – an ensemble of global climate models (GCMs), and the New Zealand Regional Climate Model (RCM) – therefore cannot provide a realistic intensity of wind extremes that might be experienced at a point (Pryor et al., 2006). A further limitation is that the GCM dat ...
WATCH Technical Report Number 56 - Executive
... the development of data and tools to provide a reliable multi-model approach to assessing impacts on the water cycle. The models were shown to be fit-for purpose for estimating river flows at global, continental and regional scales. This allowed the first steps to be taken towards a consistent asses ...
... the development of data and tools to provide a reliable multi-model approach to assessing impacts on the water cycle. The models were shown to be fit-for purpose for estimating river flows at global, continental and regional scales. This allowed the first steps to be taken towards a consistent asses ...
Key factors governing uncertainty in the response to sunshade
... two approaches differ in important ways, both allow identification of common responses and also of disagreement in model response. They can both be used to project likely outcomes and give some measure of the uncertainty of such projections. Furthermore, they highlight the most important and sensitiv ...
... two approaches differ in important ways, both allow identification of common responses and also of disagreement in model response. They can both be used to project likely outcomes and give some measure of the uncertainty of such projections. Furthermore, they highlight the most important and sensitiv ...
Economic and social benefits of meteorology and
... services in a country. Concerning the economic sector, a benefit analysis should therefore concentrate on those subsectors where weather services are particularly relevant, i.e. agriculture, construction, energy, insurance, telecommunication, tourism, transport, logistics and water availability. Ana ...
... services in a country. Concerning the economic sector, a benefit analysis should therefore concentrate on those subsectors where weather services are particularly relevant, i.e. agriculture, construction, energy, insurance, telecommunication, tourism, transport, logistics and water availability. Ana ...
Pedro DiNezio: Climate Response of the Equatorial Pacific to Global
... west differential in evaporative damping can produce an enhanced SST response in the cold tongue (Wallace 1992; Knutson and Manabe 1995). Similarly, cloud feedbacks associated with shortwave (SW) surface fluxes have been proposed. In this case, the zonal asymmetry in SST response arises from differe ...
... west differential in evaporative damping can produce an enhanced SST response in the cold tongue (Wallace 1992; Knutson and Manabe 1995). Similarly, cloud feedbacks associated with shortwave (SW) surface fluxes have been proposed. In this case, the zonal asymmetry in SST response arises from differe ...
Peru-Chile upwelling dynamics under climate change - HAL-Insu
... IPSL-CM4 surface winds along the Peru and Chile coasts under idealized preindustrial (PI), doubling and quadrupling CO2 scenarios. Their results confirmed the wind strengthening off Chile, whereas they show a decrease in the annual mean off Peru, consequence of an austral summer decrease and a modera ...
... IPSL-CM4 surface winds along the Peru and Chile coasts under idealized preindustrial (PI), doubling and quadrupling CO2 scenarios. Their results confirmed the wind strengthening off Chile, whereas they show a decrease in the annual mean off Peru, consequence of an austral summer decrease and a modera ...
Suitability of European climate for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes
... project framework [19]. It provides information on important climate impact variables, including rainfall, temperature, minimum and maximum temperature for the period of 1950 – 2009 at daily and monthly temporal resolution. This observed climate dataset (EOBS hereafter) was used to estimate the rece ...
... project framework [19]. It provides information on important climate impact variables, including rainfall, temperature, minimum and maximum temperature for the period of 1950 – 2009 at daily and monthly temporal resolution. This observed climate dataset (EOBS hereafter) was used to estimate the rece ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.