A climate model-based review of drought in the Sahel: Deserti cation, the re-greening and climate change.
... Developed respectively at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Goddard Space Flight Center (Bacmeister et al., 2000) and at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GAMDT, 2004). ...
... Developed respectively at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Goddard Space Flight Center (Bacmeister et al., 2000) and at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GAMDT, 2004). ...
Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the
... A reevaluation of the CO2 response appears timely as (i) past GWP calculations applied results from a single model and (ii) the atmospheric and climatic conditions influencing the CO2 response continue to change with time. The GWP adopted for the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol (2008–2 ...
... A reevaluation of the CO2 response appears timely as (i) past GWP calculations applied results from a single model and (ii) the atmospheric and climatic conditions influencing the CO2 response continue to change with time. The GWP adopted for the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol (2008–2 ...
Climate change between the mid and late Holocene in northern high
... When compiling the reconstructions, the uncertainty from the calibration into temperature estimates done by the respective original authors and the uncertainty in temperature change due to internal variability were considered. These uncertainties were combined into a single standard deviation of the ...
... When compiling the reconstructions, the uncertainty from the calibration into temperature estimates done by the respective original authors and the uncertainty in temperature change due to internal variability were considered. These uncertainties were combined into a single standard deviation of the ...
An Introduction to Simple Climate Models
... of several hundred kilometres. Simpler climate models may represent these physical quantities as averages over one or more spatial dimensions. Instead of, for instance, a three-dimensional grid, one might use a two-dimensional (latitude-height) grid, with each point being an average over all longitu ...
... of several hundred kilometres. Simpler climate models may represent these physical quantities as averages over one or more spatial dimensions. Instead of, for instance, a three-dimensional grid, one might use a two-dimensional (latitude-height) grid, with each point being an average over all longitu ...
Changes to the tropical circulation in the mid
... (Vallis et al., 2015). Initially, GHG forcing alone warms the free troposphere, which tends to increase atmospheric static stability over the tropical oceans and reduce convective precipitation. This effect, sometimes referred to as the “direct” GHG forcing, occurs almost immediately after GHG is in ...
... (Vallis et al., 2015). Initially, GHG forcing alone warms the free troposphere, which tends to increase atmospheric static stability over the tropical oceans and reduce convective precipitation. This effect, sometimes referred to as the “direct” GHG forcing, occurs almost immediately after GHG is in ...
REDUCED RISK OF NORTH AMERICAN COLD EXTREMES DUE
... also held to the climatology of the late C20, except at grid boxes where sea ice was lost. At these locations, the climatological SST of the mid-C21 or late C21 was used, taken from the HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 RCP8.5 ensemble means. This procedure accounts for the local SST warming associated with redu ...
... also held to the climatology of the late C20, except at grid boxes where sea ice was lost. At these locations, the climatological SST of the mid-C21 or late C21 was used, taken from the HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 RCP8.5 ensemble means. This procedure accounts for the local SST warming associated with redu ...
Coherent changes of southeastern equatorial and northern African
... climate evolution from the LGM to the early Holocene (11 ka) with a global coupled atmosphere– ocean–sea ice–land general circulation model (CCSM3) to assess possible mechanisms for the abrupt, synchronous onset of the AHP in NA and SEA. The model has a latitude-longitude resolution of ~3.75° in the ...
... climate evolution from the LGM to the early Holocene (11 ka) with a global coupled atmosphere– ocean–sea ice–land general circulation model (CCSM3) to assess possible mechanisms for the abrupt, synchronous onset of the AHP in NA and SEA. The model has a latitude-longitude resolution of ~3.75° in the ...
WebText- GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH
... Cold Arctic blasts from Canada’s mid continent usually stay east of the Rockies, but when they don’t they deliver bitter cold weather, hazardous to man and beast. How do these systems operate? Remember the Gas Law… colder is colder is more dense... thicker is more mass. So... the same volume of cold ...
... Cold Arctic blasts from Canada’s mid continent usually stay east of the Rockies, but when they don’t they deliver bitter cold weather, hazardous to man and beast. How do these systems operate? Remember the Gas Law… colder is colder is more dense... thicker is more mass. So... the same volume of cold ...
Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe
... resolution for the whole globe is from 3 down to 1.2 . RCMs use model output from GCMs as forcing to simulate the climate at smaller scales for certain regions. They contain complex model physics and due to their high spatial resolution from 50 km down to 3 km (0.5 –0.025 ) it is possible to rep ...
... resolution for the whole globe is from 3 down to 1.2 . RCMs use model output from GCMs as forcing to simulate the climate at smaller scales for certain regions. They contain complex model physics and due to their high spatial resolution from 50 km down to 3 km (0.5 –0.025 ) it is possible to rep ...
Analysis of Existing Weather and Climate Information for Malawi
... performing model validation, and producing forecasts given updated data. Its design has been tailored for producing seasonal climate forecasts using model output statistic (MOS) corrections to climate predictions from general circulation models (GCMs), or for producing forecasts using fields of sea- ...
... performing model validation, and producing forecasts given updated data. Its design has been tailored for producing seasonal climate forecasts using model output statistic (MOS) corrections to climate predictions from general circulation models (GCMs), or for producing forecasts using fields of sea- ...
Efficient construction of reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo
... a generic way. Although there has been considerable progress in this area for fixed dimension sampling problems (see for example Gelman et al. (1996) and Roberts and Rosenthal (1998)), most of the available statistical applications of reversible jump techniques rely on various strategies of empirical ...
... a generic way. Although there has been considerable progress in this area for fixed dimension sampling problems (see for example Gelman et al. (1996) and Roberts and Rosenthal (1998)), most of the available statistical applications of reversible jump techniques rely on various strategies of empirical ...
Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
... studied using a variety of computer simulations, from simple 1-dimensional models to complex 3-dimensional, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs). The credibility of the calculations rests on the validity of the models. The only way to evaluate the models is to compare their pre ...
... studied using a variety of computer simulations, from simple 1-dimensional models to complex 3-dimensional, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs). The credibility of the calculations rests on the validity of the models. The only way to evaluate the models is to compare their pre ...
Transient responses to increasing CO2 and climate change in an
... F-tests for comparing mean values and standard deviations). Overall, the tests indicated a high likelihood (p > 0.01) that observed and synthetic data stem from the same population. In the second step, the climate change signal extracted from global or regional climate simulations (scenario versus b ...
... F-tests for comparing mean values and standard deviations). Overall, the tests indicated a high likelihood (p > 0.01) that observed and synthetic data stem from the same population. In the second step, the climate change signal extracted from global or regional climate simulations (scenario versus b ...
- Wiley Online Library
... continents and the system memory of initial soil moisture anomalies is longest at high northern latitudes. Betts (2004) analysis is focused on a suite of examples in the Northern Hemisphere, but did not analyse the Southern Hemisphere systems relevant for southeast Australia. Traditionally, each sys ...
... continents and the system memory of initial soil moisture anomalies is longest at high northern latitudes. Betts (2004) analysis is focused on a suite of examples in the Northern Hemisphere, but did not analyse the Southern Hemisphere systems relevant for southeast Australia. Traditionally, each sys ...
Annex 5: Changes to the Atlantic Ocean circulation (Gulf Stream)
... Knight et al. 2005), although this indirect observational method is based on links identified in climate models rather than directly from observations. Additional observations farther north also provide evidence for widespread change or variability. For example whilst some studies indicate that, in ...
... Knight et al. 2005), although this indirect observational method is based on links identified in climate models rather than directly from observations. Additional observations farther north also provide evidence for widespread change or variability. For example whilst some studies indicate that, in ...
Progress and Challenges In Biogeochemical Modeling Of The
... a combination of a set of differential equations, some algebraic equations, and a parameter list (Box 1). They have been used for several decades in an attempt to explain, analyze, and predict what we can only sparsely measure. With their ability to extend over spatial and temporal scales far beyond ...
... a combination of a set of differential equations, some algebraic equations, and a parameter list (Box 1). They have been used for several decades in an attempt to explain, analyze, and predict what we can only sparsely measure. With their ability to extend over spatial and temporal scales far beyond ...
US Food Security and Climate Change
... • Substantial differences exist among GCM results despite use of the same widely accepted laws of physics • Differences in how models account for features of the atmosphere and surface smaller than about 200 km (e.g., cloud processes and land-atmosphere interactions) account for differences in tempe ...
... • Substantial differences exist among GCM results despite use of the same widely accepted laws of physics • Differences in how models account for features of the atmosphere and surface smaller than about 200 km (e.g., cloud processes and land-atmosphere interactions) account for differences in tempe ...
Is the melting Arctic changing midlatitude weather?
... of Arctic air was higher than it has ever been— about 2.5 °C above the value measured at the beginning of the 20th century. Global temperatures have also risen over the past century, but the upward trend has not been uniform. Since 1980 the Arctic’s temperature rose at a rate more than double that o ...
... of Arctic air was higher than it has ever been— about 2.5 °C above the value measured at the beginning of the 20th century. Global temperatures have also risen over the past century, but the upward trend has not been uniform. Since 1980 the Arctic’s temperature rose at a rate more than double that o ...
How Does a Regional Climate Model Modify the Projected Climate
... Institute for Meteorology-Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The evaluation is done for annual mean near-surface temperature and precipitation. We investigate systematic differences in the climate change signals over different domains for Africa, Europe, South America and West Asia for regions that are b ...
... Institute for Meteorology-Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The evaluation is done for annual mean near-surface temperature and precipitation. We investigate systematic differences in the climate change signals over different domains for Africa, Europe, South America and West Asia for regions that are b ...
Challenges and opportunities in research on climate, weather, water
... structure is effected to maximize the impact of the proposed paradigm change in prediction research. Simplification and clarity of the roles of the Commissions and the Departments should be the guiding principles of any final decisions. Develop a process to harmonize research input, and ...
... structure is effected to maximize the impact of the proposed paradigm change in prediction research. Simplification and clarity of the roles of the Commissions and the Departments should be the guiding principles of any final decisions. Develop a process to harmonize research input, and ...
A bitter cup: climate change profile of global production of Arabica
... areas that are climatically suitable for indigenous coffee varieties in East Africa may be substantially reduced in future scenarios. These previous studies on the impact of climate change on coffee demonstrate latitudinal and altitudinal migration or complete abandonment of coffee. The results, how ...
... areas that are climatically suitable for indigenous coffee varieties in East Africa may be substantially reduced in future scenarios. These previous studies on the impact of climate change on coffee demonstrate latitudinal and altitudinal migration or complete abandonment of coffee. The results, how ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.