Climate-induced oceanic oxygen fluxes: Implications for the
... reanalyses of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). The model resolution is 10 longitude by 8 latitude, with 9 vertical levels. An atmospheric simulation of 240 years (from 1860 to 2100) was done in order to compute the evolution of the O2/N2 ratio in the atmosphere over t ...
... reanalyses of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). The model resolution is 10 longitude by 8 latitude, with 9 vertical levels. An atmospheric simulation of 240 years (from 1860 to 2100) was done in order to compute the evolution of the O2/N2 ratio in the atmosphere over t ...
IPCC. 2001. Tech Summary of Physical Science Basis
... The Sun’s output of energy varies by small amounts (0.1%) over an 11-year cycle and, in addition, variations over longer periods may occur. On time-scales of tens to thousands of years, slow variations in the Earth’s orbit, which are well understood, have led to changes in the seasonal and latitudin ...
... The Sun’s output of energy varies by small amounts (0.1%) over an 11-year cycle and, in addition, variations over longer periods may occur. On time-scales of tens to thousands of years, slow variations in the Earth’s orbit, which are well understood, have led to changes in the seasonal and latitudin ...
Overview of Threshold 21 (T21) Model
... Mali: The Office of the President of the Republic of Mali, in partnership with The Carter Center, engaged MI to customize T21 for Mali to underpin a range of strategic documents including the MacroEconomic Framework and the PRSP, with an eye to the MDGs. Through an Interagency Modeling Committee, co ...
... Mali: The Office of the President of the Republic of Mali, in partnership with The Carter Center, engaged MI to customize T21 for Mali to underpin a range of strategic documents including the MacroEconomic Framework and the PRSP, with an eye to the MDGs. Through an Interagency Modeling Committee, co ...
Assessing the Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Potential
... scenario of trace gas emissions employed, is that the amount of precipitation in the tropics and at midlatitudes and high latitudes will increase over this century, while precipitation at subtropical latitudes will decrease. Moreover, the intensity of precipitation events and the frequency of extrem ...
... scenario of trace gas emissions employed, is that the amount of precipitation in the tropics and at midlatitudes and high latitudes will increase over this century, while precipitation at subtropical latitudes will decrease. Moreover, the intensity of precipitation events and the frequency of extrem ...
Severe Storms over Europe
... transfer is an important and comprehensive task which needs to be anchored on a broad basis. The development of a special information service of the DWD (German National Meteorological Service) for fire brigades and disaster reduction units as well as for rescue services must be emphasised as one of ...
... transfer is an important and comprehensive task which needs to be anchored on a broad basis. The development of a special information service of the DWD (German National Meteorological Service) for fire brigades and disaster reduction units as well as for rescue services must be emphasised as one of ...
A 10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water
... domain; more details in the text). Therefore, there is a need for better understanding the social and natural dynamics of such events in order to improve regional water cycle has therefore been affected and the forecasting and warning capabilities of the exposed will continue to be affected by decad ...
... domain; more details in the text). Therefore, there is a need for better understanding the social and natural dynamics of such events in order to improve regional water cycle has therefore been affected and the forecasting and warning capabilities of the exposed will continue to be affected by decad ...
4. Climate Change Scenarios
... and sea level rise – the same model was used in the IPCC TAR for this purpose. The SCENGEN component uses the global-mean temperature output from MAGICC to scale up the results from 17 transient GCMs to give regional output on temperature and precipitation on a 5 5° grid. MAGICC/SCENGEN also allow ...
... and sea level rise – the same model was used in the IPCC TAR for this purpose. The SCENGEN component uses the global-mean temperature output from MAGICC to scale up the results from 17 transient GCMs to give regional output on temperature and precipitation on a 5 5° grid. MAGICC/SCENGEN also allow ...
Simulating Picea schrenkiana forest productivity under climatic
... A process-based model, BIOME-BGC, was used to investigate the response of Picea schrenkiana forest to future climate changes and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases in the Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China. The model was validated by comparing simulated net primary produc ...
... A process-based model, BIOME-BGC, was used to investigate the response of Picea schrenkiana forest to future climate changes and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases in the Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China. The model was validated by comparing simulated net primary produc ...
Results from the EISMINT model intercomparison: the effects of
... Sheet Modelling Initiative (EISMINT). It reports the intercomparison of ten operational ice-sheet models and uses a series of experiments to examine the implications of thermomechanical coupling for model behaviour. A schematic, circular ice sheet is used in the work which investigates both steady s ...
... Sheet Modelling Initiative (EISMINT). It reports the intercomparison of ten operational ice-sheet models and uses a series of experiments to examine the implications of thermomechanical coupling for model behaviour. A schematic, circular ice sheet is used in the work which investigates both steady s ...
A mechanism for dust-induced destabilization of
... input is well within the range of estimated dust source increase seen in the proxy record during cold Pleistocene periods (Thompson et al., 1989; Lambert et al., 2008; Fuhrer et al., 1999). If the dust is further increased to ⇠ 30 times modern, an inversion develops (State 3, Fig. 1). In this state ...
... input is well within the range of estimated dust source increase seen in the proxy record during cold Pleistocene periods (Thompson et al., 1989; Lambert et al., 2008; Fuhrer et al., 1999). If the dust is further increased to ⇠ 30 times modern, an inversion develops (State 3, Fig. 1). In this state ...
How warm was the last interglacial? New model–data comparisons
... We use simulations from a fully coupled, global atmosphere–land surface–ocean–sea ice general circulation model: the Community Climate System Model, v. 3 (CCSM3). Future climate predictions from this model are presented in the IPCC AR4 report [1]. The model has also been used in the Palaeoclimate Mo ...
... We use simulations from a fully coupled, global atmosphere–land surface–ocean–sea ice general circulation model: the Community Climate System Model, v. 3 (CCSM3). Future climate predictions from this model are presented in the IPCC AR4 report [1]. The model has also been used in the Palaeoclimate Mo ...
Greenhouse Effect - Stephen Schneider
... rates at which climate change modifies mixing processes in the ocean (and thus the CO2 residence time) also needs to be taken into account. There is considerable uncertainty about how much newly injected CO2 will remain in the air during the next century, but typical estimates put this so-called "ai ...
... rates at which climate change modifies mixing processes in the ocean (and thus the CO2 residence time) also needs to be taken into account. There is considerable uncertainty about how much newly injected CO2 will remain in the air during the next century, but typical estimates put this so-called "ai ...
Print Version
... perfect in their discretized, parameterized representation of the climate system. Long-term commitment of resources to model and assimilation system development will pay off with improved climate information on all time scales. In order to address longstanding systematic model errors, the community ...
... perfect in their discretized, parameterized representation of the climate system. Long-term commitment of resources to model and assimilation system development will pay off with improved climate information on all time scales. In order to address longstanding systematic model errors, the community ...
Modelling the impact of future changes in climate, CO2
... these scenarios, the decline in cropland area (Fig. 2) contributes strongly to the high NEP, as abandoned cropland is converted back to the natural state where regrowth of woody vegetation is permitted. Note that this flux arises from land use change indirectly, so is accounted for as NEP not LUCF un ...
... these scenarios, the decline in cropland area (Fig. 2) contributes strongly to the high NEP, as abandoned cropland is converted back to the natural state where regrowth of woody vegetation is permitted. Note that this flux arises from land use change indirectly, so is accounted for as NEP not LUCF un ...
McCaffery 2010
... mortality in western toad (Bufo boreas) populations, yet these populations have not declined. This increased premetamorphic mortality may not be sufficient to cause otherwise increasing populations to decline in the long term. Alternatively, it may be that conditions in short-term or laboratory-based ...
... mortality in western toad (Bufo boreas) populations, yet these populations have not declined. This increased premetamorphic mortality may not be sufficient to cause otherwise increasing populations to decline in the long term. Alternatively, it may be that conditions in short-term or laboratory-based ...
Impact of Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Recovery on Southern
... ozone depletion, indicating the combined effects of increasing greenhouse gases and ozone depletion on extratropical precipitation changes. The opposite is generally true in the twenty-first century: models with prescribed ozone recovery show relatively weaker precipitation trends than models with f ...
... ozone depletion, indicating the combined effects of increasing greenhouse gases and ozone depletion on extratropical precipitation changes. The opposite is generally true in the twenty-first century: models with prescribed ozone recovery show relatively weaker precipitation trends than models with f ...
Patterns and causes of species richness: a
... each species in nature must be represented by a unique model with parameters that are distinct from those of other species in the assemblage. If this were true, the resulting pattern of species richness might be expected to be complex and highly variable, but would not necessarily correlate very wel ...
... each species in nature must be represented by a unique model with parameters that are distinct from those of other species in the assemblage. If this were true, the resulting pattern of species richness might be expected to be complex and highly variable, but would not necessarily correlate very wel ...
Climate Change Impact on Water Resources
... the main river basin in Japan, the Tone River basin was modeled and simulated. The Tone River is the main water source to the metropolitan Tokyo, Japan, and upstream of the basin is in snow-dominated regions. Future climate condition was set by output of a super high-resolution atmospheric model (AG ...
... the main river basin in Japan, the Tone River basin was modeled and simulated. The Tone River is the main water source to the metropolitan Tokyo, Japan, and upstream of the basin is in snow-dominated regions. Future climate condition was set by output of a super high-resolution atmospheric model (AG ...
ELPIS-JP: a dataset of local-scale daily climate change scenarios for
... Among various SDMs, weather generators (WGs) are a unique tool that can generate many sequences of daily weather data at a specific site without heavy computational requirement. The daily values of a climatic variable are sampled from the probability distribution of climatic variables estimated from ...
... Among various SDMs, weather generators (WGs) are a unique tool that can generate many sequences of daily weather data at a specific site without heavy computational requirement. The daily values of a climatic variable are sampled from the probability distribution of climatic variables estimated from ...
CB-48 - Climate Science: Roger Pielke Sr.
... beyond the location at which a forcing occurred. Seasonal weather forecasters noticed certain persistent atmospheric circulation features and were using these patterns for seasonal weather forecasts by the 1950s based on theoretical development by Bjerknes and Rossby in the previous decades (Namias, ...
... beyond the location at which a forcing occurred. Seasonal weather forecasters noticed certain persistent atmospheric circulation features and were using these patterns for seasonal weather forecasts by the 1950s based on theoretical development by Bjerknes and Rossby in the previous decades (Namias, ...
A model study of warming-induced phosphorus–oxygen feedbacks
... and a potential acceleration of organic matter turnover in a warming climate. The overall area of ocean sediments that are in direct contact with low-oxygen bottom waters also increases with expanding OMZs. This leads to a release of phosphorus from ocean sediments. If anthropogenic carbon dioxide e ...
... and a potential acceleration of organic matter turnover in a warming climate. The overall area of ocean sediments that are in direct contact with low-oxygen bottom waters also increases with expanding OMZs. This leads to a release of phosphorus from ocean sediments. If anthropogenic carbon dioxide e ...
AFGHANISTAN: CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES
... Climate reanalyses are numerical descriptions of the past climate. They are produced by combining model outputs with observations from weather stations, radiosondes, satellites, buoys, aircrafts and ship reports. They contain estimates of all main climatic parameters such as air temperature, wind at ...
... Climate reanalyses are numerical descriptions of the past climate. They are produced by combining model outputs with observations from weather stations, radiosondes, satellites, buoys, aircrafts and ship reports. They contain estimates of all main climatic parameters such as air temperature, wind at ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.