Changes in alpine plant growth under future climate conditions
... Abstract. Alpine shrub- and grasslands are shaped by extreme climatic conditions such as a long-lasting snow cover and a short vegetation period. Such ecosystems are expected to be highly sensitive to global environmental change. Prolonged growing seasons and shifts in temperature and precipitation ...
... Abstract. Alpine shrub- and grasslands are shaped by extreme climatic conditions such as a long-lasting snow cover and a short vegetation period. Such ecosystems are expected to be highly sensitive to global environmental change. Prolonged growing seasons and shifts in temperature and precipitation ...
Cloud Feedbacks Found to Amplify Global Warming
... equilibrium global surface temperature increase projected to result from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration reported for the models in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) intercomparison varies from 2.1 to 4.4 K. This range has not narrowed appreciably compared to th ...
... equilibrium global surface temperature increase projected to result from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration reported for the models in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) intercomparison varies from 2.1 to 4.4 K. This range has not narrowed appreciably compared to th ...
Marine productivity response to Heinrich events
... the data, whereas in other regions they do not agree with the marine response seen in data (Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Southern Ocean, see Table 1). These regional differences between model results and marine sediment records suggest that physical or biogeochemical processes might be missing or und ...
... the data, whereas in other regions they do not agree with the marine response seen in data (Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Southern Ocean, see Table 1). These regional differences between model results and marine sediment records suggest that physical or biogeochemical processes might be missing or und ...
Increasing Mississippi river discharge throughout the 21st century
... (CCSM3), European Centre/Hamburg (ECHAM), and Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCMA)) under the SRES A2 and B1scenarios. The daily climate variables include minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation. To keep our simulations for the projected period (2011–2099) c ...
... (CCSM3), European Centre/Hamburg (ECHAM), and Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCMA)) under the SRES A2 and B1scenarios. The daily climate variables include minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation. To keep our simulations for the projected period (2011–2099) c ...
global temperature trends
... outgoing radiation, which in linearized form is written as aDT, where a is the climate feedback parameter. Furthermore, the GMST increase leads to increased heat transfer from the surface layer to the subsurface ocean, written, again in linearized form, as kDT, where k is the ocean heat uptake effic ...
... outgoing radiation, which in linearized form is written as aDT, where a is the climate feedback parameter. Furthermore, the GMST increase leads to increased heat transfer from the surface layer to the subsurface ocean, written, again in linearized form, as kDT, where k is the ocean heat uptake effic ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... It is interesting that Nitrogen deposition, both in the form reduced or oxidized seems to be generally more important than nutrient nitrogen critical loads exceedances, However, it was not possible to predict defoliation by use of linear statistical model, because it was not able to explain the high ...
... It is interesting that Nitrogen deposition, both in the form reduced or oxidized seems to be generally more important than nutrient nitrogen critical loads exceedances, However, it was not possible to predict defoliation by use of linear statistical model, because it was not able to explain the high ...
Exchange of trace gases between the terrestrial
... the difficult problem of resolving relatively small differences between two large numbersthe terrestrial source of and sink for C0 2-have produced conflicting results for midlatitude ecosystems and much discussion. The potential strength of a midlatitude C0 2 sink is, however, less contentious, alth ...
... the difficult problem of resolving relatively small differences between two large numbersthe terrestrial source of and sink for C0 2-have produced conflicting results for midlatitude ecosystems and much discussion. The potential strength of a midlatitude C0 2 sink is, however, less contentious, alth ...
Assessing the adequacy of current fisheries
... likely impacts of climate change at a range of levels, from individual to population responses, as well as ecosystem ramifications. Examples span polar (Antarctic krill fishery), temperate (west coast pelagic fishery, abalone and rock lobster), and tropical (Torres Strait rock lobster) commercially imp ...
... likely impacts of climate change at a range of levels, from individual to population responses, as well as ecosystem ramifications. Examples span polar (Antarctic krill fishery), temperate (west coast pelagic fishery, abalone and rock lobster), and tropical (Torres Strait rock lobster) commercially imp ...
Rose and Rayborn, "The effects of ocean heat uptake on transient
... system. Our paper is laid out as follows. In “Ocean Heat Uptake and Time-Dependent Climate Sensitivity”, we review the spatial patterns of OHU and time-dependent climate sensitivity in the CMIP5 models. In “Linearity, Efficacy, and Feedback”, we review the concept of efficacy of a climate forcing ag ...
... system. Our paper is laid out as follows. In “Ocean Heat Uptake and Time-Dependent Climate Sensitivity”, we review the spatial patterns of OHU and time-dependent climate sensitivity in the CMIP5 models. In “Linearity, Efficacy, and Feedback”, we review the concept of efficacy of a climate forcing ag ...
Tropospheric adjustment induces a cloud component in
... clear-sky forcing. The partition of F into longwave FL = 2.52 ± 0.16 W m−2 and shortwave FS = 0.78 ± 0.10 W m−2 is affected, however, FS being about 25% of F , a much larger fraction than in the clear-sky. It is notable that NSC has relatively large interannual variability, leading to a bigger uncer ...
... clear-sky forcing. The partition of F into longwave FL = 2.52 ± 0.16 W m−2 and shortwave FS = 0.78 ± 0.10 W m−2 is affected, however, FS being about 25% of F , a much larger fraction than in the clear-sky. It is notable that NSC has relatively large interannual variability, leading to a bigger uncer ...
Climate-human-environment interactions: resolving our - HAL-Insu
... energy, matter and information between the three state systems that may define externally-driven causality and feedback. Circular arrows within each box represent internal dynamical processes (Dearing, 2006a). ...
... energy, matter and information between the three state systems that may define externally-driven causality and feedback. Circular arrows within each box represent internal dynamical processes (Dearing, 2006a). ...
Nonlinear response of mid-latitude weather to the changing Arctic
... reflected in observationally based studies that have struggled to find robust linkages11,12. Further, ...
... reflected in observationally based studies that have struggled to find robust linkages11,12. Further, ...
1 Changes in Hurricane Climatology in Recent Decades Anais Orsi
... a statistically significant increase in the number and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes over the same period, but do not attribute this to ocean warming because the same trends are not seen in other oceans. This is shown in Figure 5. Although we can see the decadal oscillations in both the numb ...
... a statistically significant increase in the number and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes over the same period, but do not attribute this to ocean warming because the same trends are not seen in other oceans. This is shown in Figure 5. Although we can see the decadal oscillations in both the numb ...
Catastrophe modelling and climate change
... In contrast to the observed large-scale warming, some regions exhibit changes that are indicative of episodes of local cooling. These regions include central North America, the eastern United States and parts of South America. The difference in the trend for these regions appears to be linked with m ...
... In contrast to the observed large-scale warming, some regions exhibit changes that are indicative of episodes of local cooling. These regions include central North America, the eastern United States and parts of South America. The difference in the trend for these regions appears to be linked with m ...
The future of food demand: understanding differences in global
... All consumption items are included, exhausting the budget constraint. Because consumer utility is explicitly modeled, it is possible to calculate a change in welfare between scenarios as either compensating or equivalent variation. PE models typically use reduced-form demand functions, which can be ...
... All consumption items are included, exhausting the budget constraint. Because consumer utility is explicitly modeled, it is possible to calculate a change in welfare between scenarios as either compensating or equivalent variation. PE models typically use reduced-form demand functions, which can be ...
Long-term changes in environmental characteristics required by
... significant stressor to these immediate influences. Total area covered by sagebrush is likely to decline both short- and long-term and range shifts are unlikely either across elevations or latitudes because of current vegetation or geographic barriers (Neilson et al. 2005). Greater sage-grouse recen ...
... significant stressor to these immediate influences. Total area covered by sagebrush is likely to decline both short- and long-term and range shifts are unlikely either across elevations or latitudes because of current vegetation or geographic barriers (Neilson et al. 2005). Greater sage-grouse recen ...
4.3.1. Atmospheric changes - Ensembles RT3
... The SRES emission scenarios (Nakićenović et al., 2000) were used in CMIP3 that is the basis for IPCC (2007). Hence, most existing climate change scenarios builds on these emission scenarios that are based on different storylines for the future development of world population and economy. All SRES sc ...
... The SRES emission scenarios (Nakićenović et al., 2000) were used in CMIP3 that is the basis for IPCC (2007). Hence, most existing climate change scenarios builds on these emission scenarios that are based on different storylines for the future development of world population and economy. All SRES sc ...
Future change of the Indian Ocean basin
... Chowdary et al. (2012) argued that there is decadal variability of the relationship between ENSO and Indo-western Pacific climate and the range is not outside of natural variability based on long-term ship-based observation. The Indian Ocean SST variability under global warming have also explored th ...
... Chowdary et al. (2012) argued that there is decadal variability of the relationship between ENSO and Indo-western Pacific climate and the range is not outside of natural variability based on long-term ship-based observation. The Indian Ocean SST variability under global warming have also explored th ...
How is the stratosphere-troposphere coupling af
... spring when stratospheric dynamical variability is enhanced (Thompson and Wallace, 2000). During northern winter, NAM anomalies associated with anomalously strong or weak polar vortices usually appear in the upper stratosphere first, and propagate downward to the troposphere where they show up as an ...
... spring when stratospheric dynamical variability is enhanced (Thompson and Wallace, 2000). During northern winter, NAM anomalies associated with anomalously strong or weak polar vortices usually appear in the upper stratosphere first, and propagate downward to the troposphere where they show up as an ...
Comments by: Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. Knappenberger
... “Based on modeling analysis performed by the agencies, reductions in CO2 and other GHG emissions associated with these proposed rules will affect future climate change.” This is a statement completely devoid of meaning as it now stands. Please include a defensible definition of the term “will affect ...
... “Based on modeling analysis performed by the agencies, reductions in CO2 and other GHG emissions associated with these proposed rules will affect future climate change.” This is a statement completely devoid of meaning as it now stands. Please include a defensible definition of the term “will affect ...
Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave
... Here, we build on recent work by developing an observational temperature-based fingerprint for QRA conditions. We examine, both in long-term historical observations and state-of-the-art (“CMIP5”) climate model simulations, the changes over time in the projection of this fingerprint. Our study focuse ...
... Here, we build on recent work by developing an observational temperature-based fingerprint for QRA conditions. We examine, both in long-term historical observations and state-of-the-art (“CMIP5”) climate model simulations, the changes over time in the projection of this fingerprint. Our study focuse ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.