Climate change: hydrological impact studies
... snowmelt. Lateral processes that may be included are surface runoff, subsurface flow and streamflow routing. Model parameters and inputs are usually spatially explicit, but sometimes are lumped over smaller subcatchments that are assumed to be homogeneous. When compared to water balance models, the ...
... snowmelt. Lateral processes that may be included are surface runoff, subsurface flow and streamflow routing. Model parameters and inputs are usually spatially explicit, but sometimes are lumped over smaller subcatchments that are assumed to be homogeneous. When compared to water balance models, the ...
changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911
... evaluation of daily water discharge. The S-HYPE version from 2010 was used in the present study. We forced the S-HYPE model with daily precipitation and temperature data, using national grids of 4 km based on observations and climate model results, respectively. The grid based on daily observations ...
... evaluation of daily water discharge. The S-HYPE version from 2010 was used in the present study. We forced the S-HYPE model with daily precipitation and temperature data, using national grids of 4 km based on observations and climate model results, respectively. The grid based on daily observations ...
Climate change impacts on Yangtze River discharge at the Three
... a 4 m deep aquifer produced the best fit. Snow accumulation depends on both precipitation and air temperature with snowmelt calculated using a degree-day method (as there were insufficient data to use the more complex energy budget methods) with the melt dependent on the sum of the positive air temp ...
... a 4 m deep aquifer produced the best fit. Snow accumulation depends on both precipitation and air temperature with snowmelt calculated using a degree-day method (as there were insufficient data to use the more complex energy budget methods) with the melt dependent on the sum of the positive air temp ...
Prediction of Future Change of Water Demand Following Global
... years from 1994 in Adana is given in Fig. 2. Annual air temperature is 18.0, 18.2 and 19.2 ℃, respectively for the GCM, MRI and observed data. Although the GCM and MRI data show about same average values, annual pattern is different. Predicted air temperatures with the GCM data denote lower values t ...
... years from 1994 in Adana is given in Fig. 2. Annual air temperature is 18.0, 18.2 and 19.2 ℃, respectively for the GCM, MRI and observed data. Although the GCM and MRI data show about same average values, annual pattern is different. Predicted air temperatures with the GCM data denote lower values t ...
Quantification of hydrologic impacts of climate change in a
... which are characterized by short response time and nonlinear rainfall–runoff transformation resulting from different runoff mechanisms (Piñol et al., 1997; Gallart et al., 2002; Beven, 2002). Second, procedures are applied to downscale bias-corrected climate model outputs to smaller spatial and temp ...
... which are characterized by short response time and nonlinear rainfall–runoff transformation resulting from different runoff mechanisms (Piñol et al., 1997; Gallart et al., 2002; Beven, 2002). Second, procedures are applied to downscale bias-corrected climate model outputs to smaller spatial and temp ...
Emergent Properties of Scale in Global Environmental Modeling
... to estimate global impact directly [11–14]. Also included in this class are Ricardian (or ‘‘ergodic’’ according to Schneider et al. [15]) economic modeling approaches that statistically relate climate variables to land rents in cross-section (i.e., across regions at one point in time) in order to es ...
... to estimate global impact directly [11–14]. Also included in this class are Ricardian (or ‘‘ergodic’’ according to Schneider et al. [15]) economic modeling approaches that statistically relate climate variables to land rents in cross-section (i.e., across regions at one point in time) in order to es ...
The change of the hydrological cycle under the influence of global
... Within the broad west-east belt of taiga through West and East Siberia, runoff in the Holocene optimum was lower than at present by 50 mm and more. An insignificant decrease of runoff also took place in the north-eastern margin of the Asiatic continent and in the regions abuting the Sea of Japan. Th ...
... Within the broad west-east belt of taiga through West and East Siberia, runoff in the Holocene optimum was lower than at present by 50 mm and more. An insignificant decrease of runoff also took place in the north-eastern margin of the Asiatic continent and in the regions abuting the Sea of Japan. Th ...
An Earth-System Prediction Initiative for the 21st Century
... Earth-system sciences, mitigation and adaptation strategies require a suite of diagnostic and prediction models integrated over all spatial and temporal scales; Dole 2008, Palmer et al. 2008, Brunet et al. 2009, Hurrell et al. 2009 and Meehl et al. 2009. This holistic approach is spatially and tempo ...
... Earth-system sciences, mitigation and adaptation strategies require a suite of diagnostic and prediction models integrated over all spatial and temporal scales; Dole 2008, Palmer et al. 2008, Brunet et al. 2009, Hurrell et al. 2009 and Meehl et al. 2009. This holistic approach is spatially and tempo ...
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE
... and PAGES needed to be further developed. Nevertheless, some activities were under way. For instance, PAGES had launched the project of Predicting Greenhouse Gases back to 700kyrs; endorsed (jointly with CLIVAR and others) the PMIIP Workshop in 2005 and prepared for a C/P poster session at the 2nd P ...
... and PAGES needed to be further developed. Nevertheless, some activities were under way. For instance, PAGES had launched the project of Predicting Greenhouse Gases back to 700kyrs; endorsed (jointly with CLIVAR and others) the PMIIP Workshop in 2005 and prepared for a C/P poster session at the 2nd P ...
Comparing impacts of climate change on streamflow in four large
... there is a lot of mining activity in the Limpopo River basin with about 1900 mines over the years (Ashton et al., 2001b), and many of them have extensive impacts on water resources (Ashton et al., 2001a). In the Niger, water management infrastructure does not influence the streamflow fundamentally o ...
... there is a lot of mining activity in the Limpopo River basin with about 1900 mines over the years (Ashton et al., 2001b), and many of them have extensive impacts on water resources (Ashton et al., 2001a). In the Niger, water management infrastructure does not influence the streamflow fundamentally o ...
Distributional Impacts of Climate Change and Food Security in
... based on current agricultural systems suggest large negative impacts on agricultural productivity and substantial risks to global food production and security, and that there is high confidence in the adverse link of climate change on crop and food production in several regions of the world, includ ...
... based on current agricultural systems suggest large negative impacts on agricultural productivity and substantial risks to global food production and security, and that there is high confidence in the adverse link of climate change on crop and food production in several regions of the world, includ ...
Changes in Snow Cover and Snow Water Equivalent Due to Global
... by TL959 AGCM in PC, in April, May, and June. Right: the observed snow cover data provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center. The white areas in the left figures represent ocean and perpetual snow regions. (%) ...
... by TL959 AGCM in PC, in April, May, and June. Right: the observed snow cover data provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center. The white areas in the left figures represent ocean and perpetual snow regions. (%) ...
a case study in the Italian Alp
... developed with the analog technique based on SLP simulated in GCMs. In order to assess the uncertainty there is a significant precipitation increase with from different climate models 2 transient GCM experiHadCM2 in DJF with Analog 1 (+ 33%) and in JJA with Analog 2 (+11%). Summer, however, was not ...
... developed with the analog technique based on SLP simulated in GCMs. In order to assess the uncertainty there is a significant precipitation increase with from different climate models 2 transient GCM experiHadCM2 in DJF with Analog 1 (+ 33%) and in JJA with Analog 2 (+11%). Summer, however, was not ...
Central Coast Climate change snapshot
... agreement’, that is the number of models that agree on the direction of change (for example increasing or decreasing rainfall) is used to determine the confidence in the projected changes. The more models that agree, the greater the confidence in the direction of change. In this report care should b ...
... agreement’, that is the number of models that agree on the direction of change (for example increasing or decreasing rainfall) is used to determine the confidence in the projected changes. The more models that agree, the greater the confidence in the direction of change. In this report care should b ...
it`s not the heat, it`s the tepidity
... good (lowest) and bad (highest) cases. The black line is still the linear trend implied by history and the blue line is still the actual temperature data. We start the green lines in 1990 when the forecasts were made. Global temp index (degrees C) ...
... good (lowest) and bad (highest) cases. The black line is still the linear trend implied by history and the blue line is still the actual temperature data. We start the green lines in 1990 when the forecasts were made. Global temp index (degrees C) ...
Comparing species distribution models constructed with different
... recognized to impact species ranges, particularly at the margins (Seabrook et al., 2014), and strong storms can have substantial effects on species persistence or abundance in a given area (Parmesan et al., 2000). For example, hurricanes (in 1935 and 1960) and subsequent habitat changes are thought ...
... recognized to impact species ranges, particularly at the margins (Seabrook et al., 2014), and strong storms can have substantial effects on species persistence or abundance in a given area (Parmesan et al., 2000). For example, hurricanes (in 1935 and 1960) and subsequent habitat changes are thought ...
An ecohydrological sketch of climate change impacts on water and
... situations. Approaches that account for capillary replenishment of root zone water are limited (Vervoort and Van der Zee, 2008). At this moment, such approaches are conceptual rather than directly applicable for the present purpose. Hence, in practice the groundwater is typically modelled using code ...
... situations. Approaches that account for capillary replenishment of root zone water are limited (Vervoort and Van der Zee, 2008). At this moment, such approaches are conceptual rather than directly applicable for the present purpose. Hence, in practice the groundwater is typically modelled using code ...
7.6 adaptation
... health, technology design, property rights, infrastructure and market access and nonfarm opportunities. The above discussion of non-climate drivers reflects the critical role of the economy, from local to global scales, in driving agricultural systems and practices. In addition to these primary econ ...
... health, technology design, property rights, infrastructure and market access and nonfarm opportunities. The above discussion of non-climate drivers reflects the critical role of the economy, from local to global scales, in driving agricultural systems and practices. In addition to these primary econ ...
Revised 21st century temperature projections *, Paul C. Knappenberger Patrick J. Michaels
... (Gaffen et al. 2000). Hegerl & Wallace (2002) further confirm that the temperature trends from the lower troposphere are less positive than those from the surface since the late 1970s, and for the period 1964–1981 this trend differential was reversed. They were unable to replicate the observed behav ...
... (Gaffen et al. 2000). Hegerl & Wallace (2002) further confirm that the temperature trends from the lower troposphere are less positive than those from the surface since the late 1970s, and for the period 1964–1981 this trend differential was reversed. They were unable to replicate the observed behav ...
A climate model-based review of drought in the Sahel: Deserti cation, the re-greening and climate change.
... Developed respectively at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Goddard Space Flight Center (Bacmeister et al., 2000) and at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GAMDT, 2004). ...
... Developed respectively at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Goddard Space Flight Center (Bacmeister et al., 2000) and at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GAMDT, 2004). ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.