Processes Responsible for Cloud Feedback
... Larson [28] noted that the overturning circulation of the troposphere (convective outflow) balances convective heating and radiative cooling. Since the cooling is mostly due to water vapor, it stops when the temperature becomes too cold to contain an optically thick quantity of water vapor. In this ...
... Larson [28] noted that the overturning circulation of the troposphere (convective outflow) balances convective heating and radiative cooling. Since the cooling is mostly due to water vapor, it stops when the temperature becomes too cold to contain an optically thick quantity of water vapor. In this ...
MODELING THE EMISSIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE ) FROM THE (N
... into account the spatial and temporal variability of the driving variables, which include vegetation type, total soil organic carbon, soil texture, and climate parameters. Climatic influences, particularly temperature and precipitation, determine dynamic soil temperature and moisture profiles and sh ...
... into account the spatial and temporal variability of the driving variables, which include vegetation type, total soil organic carbon, soil texture, and climate parameters. Climatic influences, particularly temperature and precipitation, determine dynamic soil temperature and moisture profiles and sh ...
What is causing rapid change in the Arctic at the moment?
... clouds, and to develop and test new parameterizations of turbulent dynamics for shallow/stable Arctic boundary layers. Quantify the feedbacks between clouds, aerosols, sea ice, and the wider Arctic climate system. Resulting parameterizations will be built into the UK Met Office models to evaluate an ...
... clouds, and to develop and test new parameterizations of turbulent dynamics for shallow/stable Arctic boundary layers. Quantify the feedbacks between clouds, aerosols, sea ice, and the wider Arctic climate system. Resulting parameterizations will be built into the UK Met Office models to evaluate an ...
Attribution of extreme weather and climate
... in many extreme weather and climate events have been observed since about 1950’.1 Societies around the world are faced with increasing climate change risks. Reducing such risks, which requires a consideration of vulnerability and exposure to climate-related hazards, can be achieved through a combina ...
... in many extreme weather and climate events have been observed since about 1950’.1 Societies around the world are faced with increasing climate change risks. Reducing such risks, which requires a consideration of vulnerability and exposure to climate-related hazards, can be achieved through a combina ...
Impacts of changes in climate, land use and land cover on
... emissions are specified from the GEIA (Global Emission Inventories Activity) 2005 inventory (Pacyna et al., 2010) as implemented by Corbitt et al. (2011) and Streets et al. (2009). Anthropogenic emissions over the United States and Canada are replaced by regional inventories prepared by Zhang et al. ...
... emissions are specified from the GEIA (Global Emission Inventories Activity) 2005 inventory (Pacyna et al., 2010) as implemented by Corbitt et al. (2011) and Streets et al. (2009). Anthropogenic emissions over the United States and Canada are replaced by regional inventories prepared by Zhang et al. ...
Technical Summary - Climate Change 2013
... Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis is the contribution of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change puts a focus on those elements that are r ...
... Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis is the contribution of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change puts a focus on those elements that are r ...
Episodic Ocean-Induced CO2 Greenhouse on Mars: Implications for
... be released from carbonate rocks by thermal metamorphism or result from dissolution of carbonates by hydrochloric acid in magmatic gasses (Mathess and Harvey 1982). Griffith and Shock (1995) conclude that there may be a substantial reservoir of CO2 (at least 1 bar) sequestered as carbonate minerals ...
... be released from carbonate rocks by thermal metamorphism or result from dissolution of carbonates by hydrochloric acid in magmatic gasses (Mathess and Harvey 1982). Griffith and Shock (1995) conclude that there may be a substantial reservoir of CO2 (at least 1 bar) sequestered as carbonate minerals ...
Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2
... defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The temperature- and precipitation-based indices are computed with a consistent methodology for climate change simulations using different emission scenarios in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and P ...
... defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The temperature- and precipitation-based indices are computed with a consistent methodology for climate change simulations using different emission scenarios in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and P ...
The Effects of Climate Change and Variation in New Zealand
... Effect of Global Temperature Change Scenarios.............................................................. 80 Effect of SOI................................................................................................................... 80 Effect of Global Temperature Change with Climate Sensitiv ...
... Effect of Global Temperature Change Scenarios.............................................................. 80 Effect of SOI................................................................................................................... 80 Effect of Global Temperature Change with Climate Sensitiv ...
Warming the world : economic models of global
... change. The models, called RICE-99 (for the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) and DICE-99 (for the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy), build upon earlier work by Nordhaus and collaborators, particularly the DICE and RICE models constructed in the early 1 ...
... change. The models, called RICE-99 (for the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) and DICE-99 (for the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy), build upon earlier work by Nordhaus and collaborators, particularly the DICE and RICE models constructed in the early 1 ...
The terrestrial carbon cycle on the regional and global scale
... C cycle. A good understanding of different elements and processes is relevant for understanding the past, current, and possible future changes in climate. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration (i.e. 380 ppm), for example, is about 100 ppm higher than in pre-industrial times. This increase is mai ...
... C cycle. A good understanding of different elements and processes is relevant for understanding the past, current, and possible future changes in climate. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration (i.e. 380 ppm), for example, is about 100 ppm higher than in pre-industrial times. This increase is mai ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: South Korea
... There is already strong scientific evidence that the climate has changed and will continue to change in future in response to human activities. Across the world, this is already being felt as changes to the local weather that people experience every day. Our ability to provide useful information to ...
... There is already strong scientific evidence that the climate has changed and will continue to change in future in response to human activities. Across the world, this is already being felt as changes to the local weather that people experience every day. Our ability to provide useful information to ...
References
... Bonan, G.B. 1993b. Physiological derivation of the obseved relationship between net primary production and mean annual air temperature. Tellus 45B:397-408. Bonan, G.B. 1993c. Do biophysics and physiology matter in ecosystem models? Climatic Change 24:281285. Bonan, G.B. 1995a. Land-atmosphere CO2 ex ...
... Bonan, G.B. 1993b. Physiological derivation of the obseved relationship between net primary production and mean annual air temperature. Tellus 45B:397-408. Bonan, G.B. 1993c. Do biophysics and physiology matter in ecosystem models? Climatic Change 24:281285. Bonan, G.B. 1995a. Land-atmosphere CO2 ex ...
Working Group I Fifth Assessment Report
... increased the number of observations of the Earth’s climate by orders of magnitude. Tools to analyse and process these data have been developed or enhanced to cope with this large increase in information, and more climate proxy data have been acquired to improve our knowledge of past changes in clim ...
... increased the number of observations of the Earth’s climate by orders of magnitude. Tools to analyse and process these data have been developed or enhanced to cope with this large increase in information, and more climate proxy data have been acquired to improve our knowledge of past changes in clim ...
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre - precis
... climate. Output data from the RCM was then compared to historical records of rainfall amount (also called “observations”). • The model was run between December 1958 and December 1999 over each region • The input data was from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting “ERA40” quasi-obs ...
... climate. Output data from the RCM was then compared to historical records of rainfall amount (also called “observations”). • The model was run between December 1958 and December 1999 over each region • The input data was from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting “ERA40” quasi-obs ...
Regional Climate Projections
... available simulations. Advances have been made in developing probabilistic information at regional scales from the AOGCM simulations, but these methods remain in the exploratory phase. There has been less development extending this to downscaled regional information. However, downscaling methods hav ...
... available simulations. Advances have been made in developing probabilistic information at regional scales from the AOGCM simulations, but these methods remain in the exploratory phase. There has been less development extending this to downscaled regional information. However, downscaling methods hav ...
WCRP Grand Challenge: Regional Sea Level Change and Coastal
... Figure 1: Processes that influence regional and coastal/local sea level. Global-‐scale changes in sea level are related to net changes in the total mass (freshwater content) and/or volume (primarily heat cont ...
... Figure 1: Processes that influence regional and coastal/local sea level. Global-‐scale changes in sea level are related to net changes in the total mass (freshwater content) and/or volume (primarily heat cont ...
Ehlers and Poulsen, Influence of Andean uplift on climate and
... change during deposition of paleoaltimetry proxies. Here we evaluate South American climate change due to Andean uplift and its influence on interpretations of plateau elevation from climate-sensitive paleoaltimetry data. A series of experiments are presented using the RegCM3 regional general circula ...
... change during deposition of paleoaltimetry proxies. Here we evaluate South American climate change due to Andean uplift and its influence on interpretations of plateau elevation from climate-sensitive paleoaltimetry data. A series of experiments are presented using the RegCM3 regional general circula ...
Argentina - Met Office
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Emerging trends in heavy precipitation and hot temperature
... daily output. The extreme indices are calculated on the native model grid and regridded using bilinear interpolation to a common grid. The regridding procedure has only a minor effect of the relative scaling of the intensity of precipitation extremes to global mean temperatures (cf. Figure S1). To g ...
... daily output. The extreme indices are calculated on the native model grid and regridded using bilinear interpolation to a common grid. The regridding procedure has only a minor effect of the relative scaling of the intensity of precipitation extremes to global mean temperatures (cf. Figure S1). To g ...
Drainage basin responses to climate change
... perhaps not surprising that different studies of fluvial response to climate change often appear contradictory (see, e.g., reviews by Knox [1983], Goudie [1990], and Bloom [1991]). The debate over the geomorphic consequences of climate and land-use change is exemplified by the contrasting models pos ...
... perhaps not surprising that different studies of fluvial response to climate change often appear contradictory (see, e.g., reviews by Knox [1983], Goudie [1990], and Bloom [1991]). The debate over the geomorphic consequences of climate and land-use change is exemplified by the contrasting models pos ...
Impacts of greenhouse gases and aerosol direct and indirect effects
... Among anthropogenic perturbations of the Earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gases and aerosols are considered to have a major impact on the energy budget through their impact on radiative fluxes. We use three ensembles of simulations with the LMDZ general circulation model to investigate the radiative i ...
... Among anthropogenic perturbations of the Earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gases and aerosols are considered to have a major impact on the energy budget through their impact on radiative fluxes. We use three ensembles of simulations with the LMDZ general circulation model to investigate the radiative i ...
Improving Societal Outcomes of Extreme Weather in a Changing
... Closely related hazards include landslides and wildfires. Some of these are extremes in weather variables, such as precipitation amount and high and low temperature, measured for a specified period of time and location. Others, such as tornados, tropical cyclones, and droughts, are phenomena that exte ...
... Closely related hazards include landslides and wildfires. Some of these are extremes in weather variables, such as precipitation amount and high and low temperature, measured for a specified period of time and location. Others, such as tornados, tropical cyclones, and droughts, are phenomena that exte ...
... dependent on the impact models used. The most common variables in impact studies are surface observations of air temperature and precipitation. Some impact models require a larger set of variables as input, such as solar radiation, humidity, windspeed, soil temperature and snow cover. Certain climat ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.