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Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate

... Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased t ...
14 Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change
14 Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change

Climate change science and Victoria
Climate change science and Victoria

... Victorian Department of the Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), and the BOM and CSIRO. We acknowledge the Regional Natural Resource Management planning for Climate Change Project which delivered the national climate change projections and the Department of the Environment from the Austral ...
Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering
Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering

... was established in 1992. Signed by 194 countries and ratified by 189, including the United States, it came into force in 1994. It says in part, ‘‘The ultimate objective of this Convention . . . is to achieve . . . stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would ...
Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of
Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of

... assumed to be 2. SOA is produced from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons following the Chung and Seinfeld (2002) two-product model scheme, with the addition of isoprene SOA (Henze and Seinfeld, 2006) and aromatic SOA (Henze et al., 2008). Of these three categories of SOA, only yields for SOA for ...
Predicting Water Quality Criteria for Protecting Aquatic Life from
Predicting Water Quality Criteria for Protecting Aquatic Life from

... have detrimental effects on some aquatic life and humans. Over the past few decades, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has published a series of criteria guidelines, which contain specific criteria maximum concentrations (CMCs) for 10 metals. However, CMCs for other metals a ...
Soil moisture regulates the biological response of
Soil moisture regulates the biological response of

... should be considered in future regional climate studies. In this study, we further extend these analyses by testing the hypothesis that the simulated biological effects of the CO2 changes are significant for different vegetation types used in land surface models and that the impact of CO2 changes is ...
Intensification of winter transatlantic aviation turbulence in response
Intensification of winter transatlantic aviation turbulence in response

... the regular issuance of operational forecasts predicting when and where it will strike. At present, it is not computationally feasible to forecast turbulent eddies on horizontal scales of 100 m–2 km through explicit simulation with a global model of the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Instead, c ...
MSc Thesis Report
MSc Thesis Report

... across the system’s boundaries. The degree of heat exchange and entropy production is crucial for the determination of the strength of the circulation in the thermodynamic system. Paltridge (1979) suggested that the mean state of the present climate can be explained with maximum rate of entropy prod ...
Modeling the role of rainfall patterns in seasonal malaria transmission Arne Bomblies
Modeling the role of rainfall patterns in seasonal malaria transmission Arne Bomblies

Impacts of climate variability and extremes on global net primary
Impacts of climate variability and extremes on global net primary

... Tian et al., 2011), the continental United States (Song et al., 2013; Tian et al., 2010a; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2010) and North America (Tian et al., 2010c; ...
The use of the aridity index to assess climate change effect on
The use of the aridity index to assess climate change effect on

... evapotranspiration and runoff rates in a region. The ratio of annual potential evaporation to precipitation, referred to as the aridity index by Budyko, has been shown to describe the evaporation ratio (the ratio of annual evapotranspiration to precipitation) of catchments from a range of climatic r ...
The use of the aridity index to assess climate
The use of the aridity index to assess climate

... evapotranspiration and runoff rates in a region. The ratio of annual potential evaporation to precipitation, referred to as the aridity index by Budyko, has been shown to describe the evaporation ratio (the ratio of annual evapotranspiration to precipitation) of catchments from a range of climatic r ...
pdf file)
pdf file)

... depending on its variability can have significant impact on pavement performance. Climate data  for a particular region in which a highway is located provides engineers with useful information  when deciding on the combination of pavement layers and materials that can withstand the  elements of the  ...
Validation of Downscaled Climate Change Scenarios of
Validation of Downscaled Climate Change Scenarios of

... included autocorrelation function (ACF) plots, frequency histograms and density functions, boxplots, line plots and double mass curves. Graphical representation gives visual indications of similarities and/or differences in the derived statistics. Comparison of the datasets was based on the frequenc ...
Effect of ocean gateway changes under
Effect of ocean gateway changes under

... (2001), the so-called UVic model. This model comprises an ocean general circulation model (GFDL MOM Version 2.2 Pacanowski 1995) coupled to a simplified one-layer energymoisture balance model for the atmosphere and a dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model of equal global domain and horizontal resolutio ...
Document
Document

... horizon (km2) and Apeat being the area of deep peats (km2). This allows the model to simulate very low DOC concentrations during times when streamflow is solely due to slow subsurface flow. The available DOC within the soil is updated in each time step on the basis of the carbon mass balance between ...
Studies of the aerosol indirect effect from sulfate Jo´n Egill Kristja´nsson
Studies of the aerosol indirect effect from sulfate Jo´n Egill Kristja´nsson

... distinguish between number of activated droplets and the actual number of droplets in a cloud volume [e.g., Kiehl et al., 2000]. However, Lohmann et al. [1999] solved a continuity equation for CDNC, allowing a potentially more consistent estimate. A problem with that approach is that some of the ter ...
Climate Change in the La Plata Basin
Climate Change in the La Plata Basin

... southeast of South America. Part of the knowledge of the impacts of climate variability in the hydrology of the Plata basin was developed in the PROSUR project ...
The Impact of Satellite-Derived Land Cover Uncertainty on Carbon
The Impact of Satellite-Derived Land Cover Uncertainty on Carbon

... component of variance due to a given source is the proportion of the total output variance that we should expect to remove if we were to remove the corresponding source of uncertainty. So the component due to input uncertainty is the proportion of total variance that we would expect to remove if we ...
- Lancaster EPrints
- Lancaster EPrints

... 2013), hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime (Naik et al., 2013b; Voulgarakis et al., ...
RAPPOR T Effects of climate change in the Kolubara and Toplica
RAPPOR T Effects of climate change in the Kolubara and Toplica

... Hydrological modelling of climate change impacts on runoff in the Kolubara (991 km2) and Toplica (2231 km2) catchments in Serbia has been performed. HBV models calibrated based on observed hydrometeorological data from the catchments form the basis of the study. Three time periods are considered, na ...
North Atlantic Ocean Wave Climate Change Scenarios for the
North Atlantic Ocean Wave Climate Change Scenarios for the

... the regional climate is conditioned by the large-scale atmospheric state, both dynamical models (e.g., regional climate models, or RCMs) and empirical/statistical methods have been developed for ‘‘downscaling’’ GCM-projected climate changes (i.e., to construct climate change scenarios on regional sc ...
appendix - UA Atmospheric Sciences
appendix - UA Atmospheric Sciences

... “Top-Down Estimates of the Changes in State-Level CO Emissions in the United States and Its Implications to Verifying Emissions of Fossil-Fuel CO2 and Other Constituents”, NASA Atmospheric Chemistry and Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), $368,892, 9/15/13-9/14/16, % Effort: 100%, Principal Inves ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts

... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
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Atmospheric model



An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.
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