Trends in Intense Precipitation in the Climate Record
... values were totaled and the climatological mean was calculated for the threshold based on the reference period. For each region, season, year, and intense precipitation threshold, we calculated the anomalies from the long-term mean number of exceedences (or precipitation totals above the thresholds) ...
... values were totaled and the climatological mean was calculated for the threshold based on the reference period. For each region, season, year, and intense precipitation threshold, we calculated the anomalies from the long-term mean number of exceedences (or precipitation totals above the thresholds) ...
Abrupt rise in atmospheric CO2 at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød: in
... boxes distinguishing surface, intermediate and deep ocean in the Atlantic, Southern Ocean and Indo-Pacific), a globally averaged terrestrial biosphere (7 boxes), a homogeneously mixed one-box atmosphere, and a relaxation approach to account for carbonate compensation in the deep ocean (sediment-ocea ...
... boxes distinguishing surface, intermediate and deep ocean in the Atlantic, Southern Ocean and Indo-Pacific), a globally averaged terrestrial biosphere (7 boxes), a homogeneously mixed one-box atmosphere, and a relaxation approach to account for carbonate compensation in the deep ocean (sediment-ocea ...
Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom
... Dr John Harrison, Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK Professor Phil Jones, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, UEA, UK Professor Ian Shennan, Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK Professor Keith Smith, Department of Environmen ...
... Dr John Harrison, Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK Professor Phil Jones, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, UEA, UK Professor Ian Shennan, Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK Professor Keith Smith, Department of Environmen ...
Climate System Response to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and
... ways in which stratospheric ozone forcing differs from that due to anthropogenic well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs; e.g. CO2 , CH4 and N2 O). Table 1 identifies some other notable differences between the two forcing agents. It is useful to briefly consider these differences, because they can provide ...
... ways in which stratospheric ozone forcing differs from that due to anthropogenic well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs; e.g. CO2 , CH4 and N2 O). Table 1 identifies some other notable differences between the two forcing agents. It is useful to briefly consider these differences, because they can provide ...
An Integrated Assessment of Changes in the Thermohaline Circulation
... other one being the Southern Ocean) where surface waters sink down to supply the global ocean with its deep water masses, in a process called deep water formation. This deep water formation is a key element of the global thermohaline circulation (THC), a recent introductory review of which is found ...
... other one being the Southern Ocean) where surface waters sink down to supply the global ocean with its deep water masses, in a process called deep water formation. This deep water formation is a key element of the global thermohaline circulation (THC), a recent introductory review of which is found ...
The impact of polar stratospheric ozone loss on Southern
... In the NHC simulation, modelled PSC particles are treated as inert in terms of their chemistry. This is achieved by setting the surface area density of type I and II PSC particles to 0 cm2 cm−3 when calculating the rates of the five heterogeneous reactions listed above. This method is similar to tha ...
... In the NHC simulation, modelled PSC particles are treated as inert in terms of their chemistry. This is achieved by setting the surface area density of type I and II PSC particles to 0 cm2 cm−3 when calculating the rates of the five heterogeneous reactions listed above. This method is similar to tha ...
An investigation of the pattern scaling technique for describing future
... It is now generally recognised that climate change is real, and that humans are at least partly responsible. In 1996 a scientific consensus was reached that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate” (IPCC, 1996a, p5). In 2001 this scientific consensus was upd ...
... It is now generally recognised that climate change is real, and that humans are at least partly responsible. In 1996 a scientific consensus was reached that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate” (IPCC, 1996a, p5). In 2001 this scientific consensus was upd ...
Precipitation event distribution in Central Argentina - Gea
... The annual amount of precipitation inputs received by a site during a full year is considered a dominant spatial and temporal control of primary productivity and other related process in arid to subhumid ecosystems. However, to be effectively used by plants, these inputs have to escape runoff, favou ...
... The annual amount of precipitation inputs received by a site during a full year is considered a dominant spatial and temporal control of primary productivity and other related process in arid to subhumid ecosystems. However, to be effectively used by plants, these inputs have to escape runoff, favou ...
Importance of carbon dioxide physiological forcing to future climate
... We performed four 100-year simulations using the CLM3.5/ CAM3.5 model coupled with a mixed-layer version of the CCSM3 ocean/thermodynamic sea-ice model (refer to the Methods section for detailed descriptions of the model used and simulations performed). Results presented here are annual mean climate ...
... We performed four 100-year simulations using the CLM3.5/ CAM3.5 model coupled with a mixed-layer version of the CCSM3 ocean/thermodynamic sea-ice model (refer to the Methods section for detailed descriptions of the model used and simulations performed). Results presented here are annual mean climate ...
PDF
... valuable ecosystem services. These include filtration of agricultural and other pollutants (thereby improving quality of ground and even some surface waters), water for livestock and wildlife, opportunities for recreation, a greenhouse gas storage function, and, in addition, such non-market values a ...
... valuable ecosystem services. These include filtration of agricultural and other pollutants (thereby improving quality of ground and even some surface waters), water for livestock and wildlife, opportunities for recreation, a greenhouse gas storage function, and, in addition, such non-market values a ...
Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural
... researchers later using the data (see Jaworowski et al., 1992 b). Rather it was characterized as "the excellent quality of the ice core" and its CO2 concentration data "are assumed to represent the global mean concentration history and used as input data to the model" (Siegenthaler & Oeschger, 1987) ...
... researchers later using the data (see Jaworowski et al., 1992 b). Rather it was characterized as "the excellent quality of the ice core" and its CO2 concentration data "are assumed to represent the global mean concentration history and used as input data to the model" (Siegenthaler & Oeschger, 1987) ...
Analogies - People @ EECS at UC Berkeley
... Human Mind vs. Computer The human mind has outstanding abilities for: ...
... Human Mind vs. Computer The human mind has outstanding abilities for: ...
download: - IMPRESSIONS project
... The socio-economic scenarios will be based on the SSPs in all case studies, but the existence of other relevant scenarios in the different case study regions was also assessed. For the European and Scottish case studies, the CLIMSAVE scenarios were selected as being highly relevant. We then matched ...
... The socio-economic scenarios will be based on the SSPs in all case studies, but the existence of other relevant scenarios in the different case study regions was also assessed. For the European and Scottish case studies, the CLIMSAVE scenarios were selected as being highly relevant. We then matched ...
Read the Full Report - MAP Dashboard
... it allows for better decision making that will reduce destruction and save lives, often at low cost. Thus, it is essential for businesses to stay up to date on current weather information relevant to their industries. Adaptation, such as valuable large scale infrastructure projects to reduce flash f ...
... it allows for better decision making that will reduce destruction and save lives, often at low cost. Thus, it is essential for businesses to stay up to date on current weather information relevant to their industries. Adaptation, such as valuable large scale infrastructure projects to reduce flash f ...
Document
... assumption that the strongest föhn events occur when the wind maintains a strong west-east trend perpendicular to South Georgia. Therefore, we assume that when the change in height of a given isentrope across the island exceeds 2000m (approximately the average elevation around Mount Paget), then dyn ...
... assumption that the strongest föhn events occur when the wind maintains a strong west-east trend perpendicular to South Georgia. Therefore, we assume that when the change in height of a given isentrope across the island exceeds 2000m (approximately the average elevation around Mount Paget), then dyn ...
Decadal climate variability and potential predictability in the nordic
... Consequently, these events could in principle be predicted if the ocean state was known and the coupled Earth system models were initialized with faithful representations of the true Earth system state (Keenlyside et al. 2008). This is in sharp contrast to the common practice in longterm climate sim ...
... Consequently, these events could in principle be predicted if the ocean state was known and the coupled Earth system models were initialized with faithful representations of the true Earth system state (Keenlyside et al. 2008). This is in sharp contrast to the common practice in longterm climate sim ...
Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States
... accelerate (as do other molecules) as the air temperature rises. As a result, these accelerated water molecules are more likely to “break free” from other water molecules and become water vapor (Ahrens, 2009). Conversely, as the temperature cools water vapor is more likely to condense and turn to it ...
... accelerate (as do other molecules) as the air temperature rises. As a result, these accelerated water molecules are more likely to “break free” from other water molecules and become water vapor (Ahrens, 2009). Conversely, as the temperature cools water vapor is more likely to condense and turn to it ...
Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States
... accelerate (as do other molecules) as the air temperature rises. As a result, these accelerated water molecules are more likely to “break free” from other water molecules and become water vapor (Ahrens, 2009). Conversely, as the temperature cools water vapor is more likely to condense and turn to it ...
... accelerate (as do other molecules) as the air temperature rises. As a result, these accelerated water molecules are more likely to “break free” from other water molecules and become water vapor (Ahrens, 2009). Conversely, as the temperature cools water vapor is more likely to condense and turn to it ...
Response of spatial vegetation distribution in China to climate
... used to evaluate the effects of the LGM climate on species and vegetation distributions in eastern Asia [40–43], including the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-ESM) [44] and Community Climate System Model (CCSM) (v3 and v4) [45, 46]. Several studies have evaluated the predictio ...
... used to evaluate the effects of the LGM climate on species and vegetation distributions in eastern Asia [40–43], including the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-ESM) [44] and Community Climate System Model (CCSM) (v3 and v4) [45, 46]. Several studies have evaluated the predictio ...
Climate Impacts in Europe The JRC PESETA II Project
... Table 2. Climate change simulations from the A1B scenario (25 km resolution) ...................... 35 Table 3. Climate change simulations from the E1 scenario (50 km resolution) ......................... 36 Table 4. Climate models chosen for the JRC PESETA II core simulations ...................... ...
... Table 2. Climate change simulations from the A1B scenario (25 km resolution) ...................... 35 Table 3. Climate change simulations from the E1 scenario (50 km resolution) ......................... 36 Table 4. Climate models chosen for the JRC PESETA II core simulations ...................... ...
Different characteristics of cold day and cold surge frequency over
... changes in cold days and cold surges and to gain confidence for future projections, the spatial features and changes in the present climate derived from the model simulations are compared with those from observations. For this, we use daily surface air temperature (SAT) data from 103 stations in Chi ...
... changes in cold days and cold surges and to gain confidence for future projections, the spatial features and changes in the present climate derived from the model simulations are compared with those from observations. For this, we use daily surface air temperature (SAT) data from 103 stations in Chi ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.