Theme3_summary_Strong
... ozone is potentially sensitive to climate change and to natural variability, and will not necessarily follow strictly the chlorine loading. There is uncertainty in even the sign of the dynamical feedback to WMGHG changes. … Progress will result from further development of CCMs [chemistry-climate mod ...
... ozone is potentially sensitive to climate change and to natural variability, and will not necessarily follow strictly the chlorine loading. There is uncertainty in even the sign of the dynamical feedback to WMGHG changes. … Progress will result from further development of CCMs [chemistry-climate mod ...
Contribution of soil moisture feedback to hydroclimatic variability
... of this influence depends on the model used (e.g. Dirmeyer et al., 2006). This dependence is not surprising, because the precipitation of water evaporated from the land surface is represented only crudely in current numerical models of global climate; modeled soil moisture feedback on climate can va ...
... of this influence depends on the model used (e.g. Dirmeyer et al., 2006). This dependence is not surprising, because the precipitation of water evaporated from the land surface is represented only crudely in current numerical models of global climate; modeled soil moisture feedback on climate can va ...
a sensitive matter - The Global Warming Policy Foundation
... change – which would have been in line with the best quality scientific evidence available – it would have been picked up by all the major news outlets in the world as one of the major, if not the major, outcomes of the report. And rightly so. 10. In AR5 the IPCC felt even more certain (95% certain, ...
... change – which would have been in line with the best quality scientific evidence available – it would have been picked up by all the major news outlets in the world as one of the major, if not the major, outcomes of the report. And rightly so. 10. In AR5 the IPCC felt even more certain (95% certain, ...
Spin-up behavior of soil moisture content over East Asia in a land
... assuming the same soil/vegetation conditions and identical atmospheric forcing, the simulated SMCs show significant discrepancies between LSMs. Thus, soil moisture initialization using data from a LSM that is different from the LSM used for a prediction model may result in some erroneous predictions ...
... assuming the same soil/vegetation conditions and identical atmospheric forcing, the simulated SMCs show significant discrepancies between LSMs. Thus, soil moisture initialization using data from a LSM that is different from the LSM used for a prediction model may result in some erroneous predictions ...
Synergy of rising nitrogen depositions and atmospheric CO2 on land
... fluxes, stem increments, and other components of the carbon cycle for a range of ecosystems [Churkina and Running, 2000; Cienciala et al., 1998; Thornton et al., 2002; Vetter et al., 2005]. BIOME-BGC is also able to replicate responses in net carbon exchange of forest ecosystems to different levels ...
... fluxes, stem increments, and other components of the carbon cycle for a range of ecosystems [Churkina and Running, 2000; Cienciala et al., 1998; Thornton et al., 2002; Vetter et al., 2005]. BIOME-BGC is also able to replicate responses in net carbon exchange of forest ecosystems to different levels ...
Climate feedback efficiency and synergy - MPG.PuRe - Max
... strengthen or weaken the response in the former case, even in the simple conceptual framework (Fig. 2). However, if the feedbacks are additive and independent in the sense that they only depend on the global mean surface temperature change, then we expect the estimated feedback factors to be indepen ...
... strengthen or weaken the response in the former case, even in the simple conceptual framework (Fig. 2). However, if the feedbacks are additive and independent in the sense that they only depend on the global mean surface temperature change, then we expect the estimated feedback factors to be indepen ...
Full-Text PDF
... In addition, NDVI can be used to represent the proxy vegetation responses to climate changes since it is well correlated with the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by plant canopies and thus leaf area, leaf biomass and potential photosynthesis [6]. In the latest 30 years, ther ...
... In addition, NDVI can be used to represent the proxy vegetation responses to climate changes since it is well correlated with the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by plant canopies and thus leaf area, leaf biomass and potential photosynthesis [6]. In the latest 30 years, ther ...
Egypt - Met Office
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Modelling the Miocene climatic optimum, Part 1: land and atmosphere
... modern boundary conditions. Seasonal poleward displacements of the subtropical jet streams ...
... modern boundary conditions. Seasonal poleward displacements of the subtropical jet streams ...
- Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
... for the Gulkana glacier was July, with an average recorded discharge of 10.4 m3 s−1 (880 mm/month). Precipitation during this month was 113 mm. Since part of this precipitation contributes to evapotranspiration, almost all of the July discharge originates from melt. The observed discharge compares w ...
... for the Gulkana glacier was July, with an average recorded discharge of 10.4 m3 s−1 (880 mm/month). Precipitation during this month was 113 mm. Since part of this precipitation contributes to evapotranspiration, almost all of the July discharge originates from melt. The observed discharge compares w ...
Anchoring amid uncertainty - Personal Page: Prof. Dr. Jeroen van
... of scientific knowledge that acts as scientific basis for the climate policy debate. Assessment draws upon information from research. Climate research programmes were developped in parallel with the emergence of assessment. Initially, climate research programmes aimed at the reduction of the uncerta ...
... of scientific knowledge that acts as scientific basis for the climate policy debate. Assessment draws upon information from research. Climate research programmes were developped in parallel with the emergence of assessment. Initially, climate research programmes aimed at the reduction of the uncerta ...
Arctic oscillation response to the 1991 Pinatubo
... pressure gradient and corresponding circumpolar zonal flows. In addition, the AO has a signature in the Atlantic region that is very similar to that of the familiar North Atlantic oscillation [Hurrell, 1995; Hurrell and van Loon, 1997]. A positive AO index corresponds to intensified westerly flow, p ...
... pressure gradient and corresponding circumpolar zonal flows. In addition, the AO has a signature in the Atlantic region that is very similar to that of the familiar North Atlantic oscillation [Hurrell, 1995; Hurrell and van Loon, 1997]. A positive AO index corresponds to intensified westerly flow, p ...
France - Met Office
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
text_2ed_rev - Department of the Geophysical Sciences
... Of course, the natural world is has variable weather all by itself, naturally. Is it likely that some of our recent weather has been impacted by human-induced climate change, or how much of this would have happened anyway? If humans are changing climate, do we know that this is a bad thing? How does ...
... Of course, the natural world is has variable weather all by itself, naturally. Is it likely that some of our recent weather has been impacted by human-induced climate change, or how much of this would have happened anyway? If humans are changing climate, do we know that this is a bad thing? How does ...
For submission to Global Change Biology
... These ranges were chosen to encompass the recent past (post-industrialisation) and the near future range of values for D and CO2 concentration. Preliminary analysis showed that increasing temperature by 4˚C with D and CO2 unchanged from nominal values decreased the annual sum of sapflow by only 0.2% ...
... These ranges were chosen to encompass the recent past (post-industrialisation) and the near future range of values for D and CO2 concentration. Preliminary analysis showed that increasing temperature by 4˚C with D and CO2 unchanged from nominal values decreased the annual sum of sapflow by only 0.2% ...
Watershed Modeling to Assess the Sensitivity of Streamflow
... Hydrologic Simulation Program―FORTRAN (HSPF) models. Scenarios of future climate change were developed based on statistically and dynamically downscaled climate model simulations representative of the period 2041−2070. Scenarios of urban and residential development for this same period were develope ...
... Hydrologic Simulation Program―FORTRAN (HSPF) models. Scenarios of future climate change were developed based on statistically and dynamically downscaled climate model simulations representative of the period 2041−2070. Scenarios of urban and residential development for this same period were develope ...
The Effects of Climate Change and Urbanization on
... developing watersheds. The hydrological characteristics of a watershed are dependent on a variety of factors, including the regional climate and the degree of development. Changes in either or both of these factors can significantly alter the volume and timing of runoff throughout the watershed. It ...
... developing watersheds. The hydrological characteristics of a watershed are dependent on a variety of factors, including the regional climate and the degree of development. Changes in either or both of these factors can significantly alter the volume and timing of runoff throughout the watershed. It ...
Research Project Final Report
... provenance, whereas appropriate values for others were less certain, owing to the species or circumstances from which they were derived. The model was used to assess how changes in smolt length, smolt year, date of entry to the ocean, swimming speed, location of feeding ground and home-river can af ...
... provenance, whereas appropriate values for others were less certain, owing to the species or circumstances from which they were derived. The model was used to assess how changes in smolt length, smolt year, date of entry to the ocean, swimming speed, location of feeding ground and home-river can af ...
explaining extreme events of 2013
... greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this report. How human influence affected other types of events such as droughts, heavy rain events, and storms was less clear, indicating that natural variability likely played a much larger role in these extremes. Multiple groups ch ...
... greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this report. How human influence affected other types of events such as droughts, heavy rain events, and storms was less clear, indicating that natural variability likely played a much larger role in these extremes. Multiple groups ch ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
... Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased t ...
... Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased t ...
[pdf]
... of tropical cyclones will either decrease or remain essentially unchanged, concurrent with a likely increase in both global mean tropical cyclone maximum wind speed and precipitation rates. The future influence of climate change on tropical cyclones is likely to vary by region, but the specific char ...
... of tropical cyclones will either decrease or remain essentially unchanged, concurrent with a likely increase in both global mean tropical cyclone maximum wind speed and precipitation rates. The future influence of climate change on tropical cyclones is likely to vary by region, but the specific char ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.