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Downscaling GDP Projections - Center for International Earth
Downscaling GDP Projections - Center for International Earth

... SRES scenarios are derived from projected data on economic, demographic, technological and land-use changes for the 21st century in a highly aggregated form consisting of four world regions. Since analysts often need socio-economic data at higher spatial resolutions that are consistent with GCM clim ...
Australia - Met Office
Australia - Met Office

... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Model estimates of climate controls on pan-Arctic
Model estimates of climate controls on pan-Arctic

... for which environmental controls have been investigated. Nemani et al. (2003) found that annual net primary productivity (NPP) is limited by temperature and radiation at high latitudes but by moisture-related factors at lower latitudes. Teuling et al. (2009) and Seneviratne et al. (2010) investigate ...
Spain - Met Office
Spain - Met Office

... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global
Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global

... adjustments. Model names and total feedback values are listed in Table S2. Redrawn with permission from ...
Heft 168 Wei Yang Discrete-Continuous Downscaling Model for
Heft 168 Wei Yang Discrete-Continuous Downscaling Model for

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and

... The Earth’s climate is determined by a number of complex connected physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the atmosphere, land and ocean. The radiative properties of the atmosphere, a major controlling factor of the Earth’s climate, are strongly affected by the biophysical state of ...
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System

... The Earth’s climate is determined by a number of complex connected physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the atmosphere, land and ocean. The radiative properties of the atmosphere, a major controlling factor of the Earth’s climate, are strongly affected by the biophysical state of ...
2007-2012 Hadley Centre Climate Programme
2007-2012 Hadley Centre Climate Programme

... to maintain the UK’s leading capability in climate science. The MOHC Climate Model has been adopted by the UK academic community, resulting in major benefits in delivering climate advice to the UK. These benefits included shared model development, consistency of advice, and the development of services ...
Climate change impact on meteorological, agricultural, and
Climate change impact on meteorological, agricultural, and

... State University-Nation Center for Atmospheric Prediction (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (CMM5), version 3.3 [Dudhia et al., 2000]. The CMM5 is an improved version of the model of Liang et al. [2001], and important modifications include incorporation of more realistic surface boundary conditions and clo ...
Granger causality from changes in level of atmospheric CO2 to
Granger causality from changes in level of atmospheric CO2 to

... the pattern observed in the trend in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 ? The candidates for the influences on the biota have mainly been considered in prior research to be atmospheric variations, primarily temperature and/or ENSO (e.g. Kuo et al., 1990; Wang et al., 2013). Despite its proposed role ...
Mexico - Met Office
Mexico - Met Office

... cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particular country. Although time available for the project was short, generally all the material ava ...
Will climate change increase ozone depletion from low
Will climate change increase ozone depletion from low

... However, such effects are still under discussion. Schmidt et al. (2006) found a weakening in the meridional circulation using model simulations, but long-term radar measurements have not yet been able to unambiguously identify a trend (Baumgaertner et al., 2005; Keuer et al., 2007). If climate chang ...
STRIVE An Assessment of Uncertainties Report Series No.48
STRIVE An Assessment of Uncertainties Report Series No.48

... in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the author(s) accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occasioned, in part or in full, as a consequence of any person acting or refraining fr ...
How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils
How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils

... by one climate change scenario to study the effect of climate change on terrestrial C. SOC stocks, simulated under dynamic potential natural vegetation cover, showed a consistent positive trend across six dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) with a mean increase of ca. 110 Pg C in the 21st centur ...
Waning habitats due to climate change: effects of streamflow and
Waning habitats due to climate change: effects of streamflow and

... c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. ...
Small global-mean cooling due to volcanic radiative forcing
Small global-mean cooling due to volcanic radiative forcing

... AOGCMs (by 30 % for the HadCM3 AOGCM) than in offline calculations that do not account for rapid cloud adjustment, and the climate sensitivity parameter, which may be smaller than for increasing CO2 (40 % smaller than for 4 × CO2 in HadCM3). ...
Global Climate Projections
Global Climate Projections

... are based on a hierarchy of models, ranging from AtmosphereOcean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) and Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) to Simple Climate Models (SCMs). These models are forced with concentrations of greenhouse gases and other constituents derived from various ...
Future changes in Mekong River hydrology
Future changes in Mekong River hydrology

... hydrological model, was computed separately by calculating the minimum elevation from the 1 km × 1 km DEM data. The main course of the Mekong was forced into the flow direction raster by lowering the elevation model along the river’s course. ...
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change

... simple. Not only do increased concentrations of ...
Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe
Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe

... Impact studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Mechanism of Interdecadal Thermohaline Circulation Variability in a
Mechanism of Interdecadal Thermohaline Circulation Variability in a

... 2. Coupled model a. Model The model we use is a version of the United Kingdom (UK) HadCM3, which is described in Gordon et al. (2000). The atmospheric model component in HadCM3 is a version of the Met Office unified forecast and climate model run with a horizontal grid spacing of 2.5° ⫻ 3.75° and 19 ...
Climate and Pest-Driven Geographic Shifts in Global Coffee
Climate and Pest-Driven Geographic Shifts in Global Coffee

... Like many other commodity crops, the expansion of coffee has historically led to direct and indirect deforestation with important social and environmental impacts [19–21]. This historical precedent suggests that continued expansion of coffee to meet increasing global demand (following a ~0.1% annual ...
the peterson perspective
the peterson perspective

... anywhere in the world during World War II, thus, there could not possibly have been any type of commercial jet engine airplane contrails in existence over the United States. Narrator: altitudes.” ...
Climate and the Tropical Oceans - LDEO Climate Group
Climate and the Tropical Oceans - LDEO Climate Group

... to increasing CO 2 concentrations. This change in ocean circulation cools the tropical climate and consitutes a negative feedback to greenhouse warming at least on the timescale over which the thermocline temperature adjusts. However, the modeling experiments used by Cane et al. (1997) to make their ...
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Atmospheric model



An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.
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