chemistry pretest - the Biology Scholars Program Wiki
... review as a class. 2. Identify areas you might benefit from reviewing individually 3. Help in forming class teams for future course activities to ensure that we take full advantage of each person’s strengths. Thanks for your time and good luck, ...
... review as a class. 2. Identify areas you might benefit from reviewing individually 3. Help in forming class teams for future course activities to ensure that we take full advantage of each person’s strengths. Thanks for your time and good luck, ...
3.8 ADDITION OF WATER TO AN ALKENE H or enzyme + H-O
... Polymerization is the formation of extremely long molecules from small molecules called monomers. The plastics and rubber are examples of the most common polymers which are commonly used in both everyday life and in medical applications. The exact properties of polymers depends on a variety of chemi ...
... Polymerization is the formation of extremely long molecules from small molecules called monomers. The plastics and rubber are examples of the most common polymers which are commonly used in both everyday life and in medical applications. The exact properties of polymers depends on a variety of chemi ...
CH 6
... • In an unsymmetrical alkene, HX reagents can add in two different ways, but one way may be preferred over the other ...
... • In an unsymmetrical alkene, HX reagents can add in two different ways, but one way may be preferred over the other ...
Aldehydes Ketones
... Direct addition (aka 1,2 addition) occurs when a nucleophile attacks the carbon in the carbonyl directly. Conjugate addition (aka 1,4 addition) occurs when the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl indirectly by attacking the second carbon away from the carbonyl group, called the beta carbon, in an u ...
... Direct addition (aka 1,2 addition) occurs when a nucleophile attacks the carbon in the carbonyl directly. Conjugate addition (aka 1,4 addition) occurs when the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl indirectly by attacking the second carbon away from the carbonyl group, called the beta carbon, in an u ...
Title Carbonyl reduction with CaH2 and R3SiCl catalyzed by ZnCl2
... Reduction of carbonyl compounds with metal hydride reagents is one of the most basic transformations in organic synthesis.1 Recently, efforts have been devoted to utilize basically inert metal hydrides LiH and CaH2 as a reductive hydride source because they are inexpensive, stable, easy to handle an ...
... Reduction of carbonyl compounds with metal hydride reagents is one of the most basic transformations in organic synthesis.1 Recently, efforts have been devoted to utilize basically inert metal hydrides LiH and CaH2 as a reductive hydride source because they are inexpensive, stable, easy to handle an ...
Chapter Nine: Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides
... Use knowledge about nucleophilic substitution reactions to predict products of reaction with ethers and their mechanism of formation. Predict the stereochemistry and optical activity of a product from an understanding of its mechanism of formation. Propose a reaction or sequence of reactions t ...
... Use knowledge about nucleophilic substitution reactions to predict products of reaction with ethers and their mechanism of formation. Predict the stereochemistry and optical activity of a product from an understanding of its mechanism of formation. Propose a reaction or sequence of reactions t ...
Chemical Reactions
... • We use chemical equations to summarize the process of the reactions • Chemical equations should be balanced in order to show that mass is conserved during a reaction • The principle that during chemical reactions, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants, is known as t ...
... • We use chemical equations to summarize the process of the reactions • Chemical equations should be balanced in order to show that mass is conserved during a reaction • The principle that during chemical reactions, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants, is known as t ...
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
... present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the substitution products formed when the 2° alkyl halide A is treated with either the strong nucleophile HO¯ or the ...
... present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the substitution products formed when the 2° alkyl halide A is treated with either the strong nucleophile HO¯ or the ...
Chemical Reactions
... the elements in the molecule recombines with the original element. • The reactants and products are both one element and one molecule. A + BC AC + B “unhappy breakup” ...
... the elements in the molecule recombines with the original element. • The reactants and products are both one element and one molecule. A + BC AC + B “unhappy breakup” ...
(substituted) carbon
... The electrons of a double bond are more loosely held than those of the bond. As a result, the electrons, which extend above and below the molecular plane of the alkene, can act as a nucleophile in a manner similar to that of more typical Lewis bases. ...
... The electrons of a double bond are more loosely held than those of the bond. As a result, the electrons, which extend above and below the molecular plane of the alkene, can act as a nucleophile in a manner similar to that of more typical Lewis bases. ...
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
... of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. A variety of oxidizing agents can be used, including CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Aldehydes are also oxidized selectively in the presence of other functional groups using silver(I) oxide in aqueous ammonium hydroxide. This is called Tollens reagent. Because ke ...
... of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. A variety of oxidizing agents can be used, including CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Aldehydes are also oxidized selectively in the presence of other functional groups using silver(I) oxide in aqueous ammonium hydroxide. This is called Tollens reagent. Because ke ...
THIOALCOHOLS AND DISULFIDES:
... One of the many examples of hydride ion reduction in cells is one of the steps in the metabolism of glucose. Reaction of aldehyde and ketones with alcohols: Alcohols add to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones to form hemiacetals and hemiketals respectively. Hemiacetals contain both an alcoho ...
... One of the many examples of hydride ion reduction in cells is one of the steps in the metabolism of glucose. Reaction of aldehyde and ketones with alcohols: Alcohols add to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones to form hemiacetals and hemiketals respectively. Hemiacetals contain both an alcoho ...
Chapter 4: Carbon and the molecular diversity of life
... a. Can vary in length from CH4 and CO2 to C in the thousand b. Can vary in shape form linear to branching to complex folds and twists c. Can form rings d. Can mix single and double bonds e. Isomerism is prevalent i. Compound with the same molecular formula but different shapes and thus different pro ...
... a. Can vary in length from CH4 and CO2 to C in the thousand b. Can vary in shape form linear to branching to complex folds and twists c. Can form rings d. Can mix single and double bonds e. Isomerism is prevalent i. Compound with the same molecular formula but different shapes and thus different pro ...
Notes 07 Organometallic Compounds with notes
... Creation of new C-C bonds. 1 alkyl iodides are best, otherwise an elimination reaction can occur. The R’ group in the halide can be aryl or vinyl. The R group of the cuprate can be aryl or vinyl. Although the mechanism looks like a SN2 reaction, it is more complex and is not well understood. ...
... Creation of new C-C bonds. 1 alkyl iodides are best, otherwise an elimination reaction can occur. The R’ group in the halide can be aryl or vinyl. The R group of the cuprate can be aryl or vinyl. Although the mechanism looks like a SN2 reaction, it is more complex and is not well understood. ...
carbonyl group
... The C=O bond distance is 1.24 Å, shorter than a C-O single bond in ethers and alcohols (1.43 Å) ...
... The C=O bond distance is 1.24 Å, shorter than a C-O single bond in ethers and alcohols (1.43 Å) ...
22-2 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
... • To name ethers say the first alphabetical R followed by the second alphabetical R then the word ether. • If both are identical, say di- the R group with ...
... • To name ethers say the first alphabetical R followed by the second alphabetical R then the word ether. • If both are identical, say di- the R group with ...
COUPLING REACTIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
... Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are key steps in industrial catalysis. For example, both steps are featured in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the subject of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The prize was awarded to Richard Heck of the University of Delaware, Ei-Ichi Neg ...
... Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are key steps in industrial catalysis. For example, both steps are featured in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the subject of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The prize was awarded to Richard Heck of the University of Delaware, Ei-Ichi Neg ...
Aldehydes and Ketones-12c - TAMU
... almost instantaneously. Aromatic aldehydes and ketones will give the color change at a much slower rate. ...
... almost instantaneously. Aromatic aldehydes and ketones will give the color change at a much slower rate. ...
Boiling-Point Elevation of a Solution
... Aldehydes and ketones share the carbonyl functional group which features carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other ...
... Aldehydes and ketones share the carbonyl functional group which features carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other ...
Asymmetric induction
Asymmetric induction (also enantioinduction) in stereochemistry describes the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer or diastereoisomer over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate, reagent, catalyst or environment. Asymmetric induction is a key element in asymmetric synthesis.Asymmetric induction was introduced by Hermann Emil Fischer based on his work on carbohydrates. Several types of induction exist.Internal asymmetric induction makes use of a chiral center bound to the reactive center through a covalent bond and remains so during the reaction. The starting material is often derived from chiral pool synthesis. In relayed asymmetric induction the chiral information is introduced in a separate step and removed again in a separate chemical reaction. Special synthons are called chiral auxiliaries. In external asymmetric induction chiral information is introduced in the transition state through a catalyst of chiral ligand. This method of asymmetric synthesis is economically most desirable.