Class Notes Test 1
... Super Strong Bases and Nucleophiles • The counterion metal is a spectator • Stability-reactivity principle: very unstable à very reactive • This great reactivity is very useful (as nucleophile) • This great reactivity (as base) has implication for proper technical use (see following) 7. Solvent and ...
... Super Strong Bases and Nucleophiles • The counterion metal is a spectator • Stability-reactivity principle: very unstable à very reactive • This great reactivity is very useful (as nucleophile) • This great reactivity (as base) has implication for proper technical use (see following) 7. Solvent and ...
Process for preparing polycarbonates
... alkali metal salt catalyst are sodium stannate, potassium The reaction conditions of Examples 1 and 2 were stannate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, so dium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, the sodium alk 25 duplicated except that a mixture of 44 grams (0.5 moles) oxide of the monohydroxy alco ...
... alkali metal salt catalyst are sodium stannate, potassium The reaction conditions of Examples 1 and 2 were stannate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, so dium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, the sodium alk 25 duplicated except that a mixture of 44 grams (0.5 moles) oxide of the monohydroxy alco ...
Document
... •Epoxides can be named in three different ways—As epoxyalkanes, oxiranes, or alkene oxides. • Epoxides bonded to a chain of carbon atoms can also be named as derivatives of oxirane, the simplest epoxide having two carbons and one oxygen atom in a ring. • The oxirane ring is numbered to put the O at ...
... •Epoxides can be named in three different ways—As epoxyalkanes, oxiranes, or alkene oxides. • Epoxides bonded to a chain of carbon atoms can also be named as derivatives of oxirane, the simplest epoxide having two carbons and one oxygen atom in a ring. • The oxirane ring is numbered to put the O at ...
Chemical Properties of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(5)
... • This ketone can then be reduced to propylbenzene by several methods. One general method-called the Clemmensen reduction-consists of refluxing the ketone with hydrochloric acid containing amalgamated zinc. O C ...
... • This ketone can then be reduced to propylbenzene by several methods. One general method-called the Clemmensen reduction-consists of refluxing the ketone with hydrochloric acid containing amalgamated zinc. O C ...
Organic Chemistry
... Only van der Waals force: London force. Boiling point increases with length of chain. Combust to give mainly CO2 and H2O Nomenclature suffix “‐ane” ...
... Only van der Waals force: London force. Boiling point increases with length of chain. Combust to give mainly CO2 and H2O Nomenclature suffix “‐ane” ...
Lecture - Ch 16
... – Both groups are ortho-para directors and direct substitution to the same positions • Attack does not occur between the two groups for steric reasons CHE2202, Chapter 16 Learn, 58 ...
... – Both groups are ortho-para directors and direct substitution to the same positions • Attack does not occur between the two groups for steric reasons CHE2202, Chapter 16 Learn, 58 ...
Ch. 11 Notes with Answers
... 1. Focus on the functionalized carbon(s) 2. Try to figure out which groups of the skeleton began together, and where new C-C bonds will have been formed 3. When “breaking” it up into sub-chunks, try to make the pieces as large as possible (4 carbon max, in this case, for acyclic pieces) 4. Remember ...
... 1. Focus on the functionalized carbon(s) 2. Try to figure out which groups of the skeleton began together, and where new C-C bonds will have been formed 3. When “breaking” it up into sub-chunks, try to make the pieces as large as possible (4 carbon max, in this case, for acyclic pieces) 4. Remember ...
7: Reactions of Haloalkanes, Alcohols, and Amines. Nucleophilic
... In fact, when R3 C-Br has fewer than two CH3 groups, it does not react at all by the S N1 mechanism (see Figure7.13). These changes in SN1 rates result from the effect of alkyl groups such as CH3 on the stability of R3 C+ that forms in the first step of the SN1 mechanism. Carbocation Stability. The ...
... In fact, when R3 C-Br has fewer than two CH3 groups, it does not react at all by the S N1 mechanism (see Figure7.13). These changes in SN1 rates result from the effect of alkyl groups such as CH3 on the stability of R3 C+ that forms in the first step of the SN1 mechanism. Carbocation Stability. The ...
Amines By
... Primary amines can be named by replacing the e with the word amine. The prefix can also be amino. amine can also be named by naming the parent group followed by a space and the word amine. Ex: propane = propanamine, aminopropane, or propyl amine. Secondary amines can be named by replacing the ...
... Primary amines can be named by replacing the e with the word amine. The prefix can also be amino. amine can also be named by naming the parent group followed by a space and the word amine. Ex: propane = propanamine, aminopropane, or propyl amine. Secondary amines can be named by replacing the ...
- kunleoloruntegbe.com
... It was been widely studied because it is one of the substance made when milk goes sour. The acid is formed by the action of a microorganisms, Bacillus acidi lactici, on sugar. In the early 1900’s large amount of the bacteria were isolated and used to prepare lactic on an industry scale.The acid was ...
... It was been widely studied because it is one of the substance made when milk goes sour. The acid is formed by the action of a microorganisms, Bacillus acidi lactici, on sugar. In the early 1900’s large amount of the bacteria were isolated and used to prepare lactic on an industry scale.The acid was ...
lecture 11 catalysis_hydrogenation of alkenes
... Once CoH(CN)53− has been formed, a H• atom is transferred to the substrate in the second step, a reaction that does not require a vacant site at the metal, but does require the resulting organic radical to be moderately stable—hence the fact that the Iguchi catalyst will reduce only activated alken ...
... Once CoH(CN)53− has been formed, a H• atom is transferred to the substrate in the second step, a reaction that does not require a vacant site at the metal, but does require the resulting organic radical to be moderately stable—hence the fact that the Iguchi catalyst will reduce only activated alken ...
Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition
... Solvation of a chloride ion by ion-dipole attractive forces with water. The negatively charged chloride ion interacts with the positively polarized hydrogens of water. ...
... Solvation of a chloride ion by ion-dipole attractive forces with water. The negatively charged chloride ion interacts with the positively polarized hydrogens of water. ...
Handout V
... secondary amines do form hydrogen bonding but tertiary amines do not, because they have no N-H bonds. While comparing alcohols, amines form weaker hydrogen bond as nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen. Tertiary amines have lower boiling points than primary and secondary amines of similar mol ...
... secondary amines do form hydrogen bonding but tertiary amines do not, because they have no N-H bonds. While comparing alcohols, amines form weaker hydrogen bond as nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen. Tertiary amines have lower boiling points than primary and secondary amines of similar mol ...
File
... the carbonyl species (starting reactant energies). The carbonyl carbon is δ+, and EDG lower the energy. The aldehyde has one alkyl group (EDG) attached to the C=O, but the ketone has 2 EDG. Therefore, the ketone stabilizes the δ+ more and starts at a lower energy than the aldehyde. This causes the h ...
... the carbonyl species (starting reactant energies). The carbonyl carbon is δ+, and EDG lower the energy. The aldehyde has one alkyl group (EDG) attached to the C=O, but the ketone has 2 EDG. Therefore, the ketone stabilizes the δ+ more and starts at a lower energy than the aldehyde. This causes the h ...
Photoremovable Protecting Groups
... photoprotecting group, then only a brief discussion is provided. An exhaustive list of applications for any of the chromophores is not included; these may be found by consulting other reviews or the original literature on a topic. Several good reviews on photoremovable protecting groups have appeare ...
... photoprotecting group, then only a brief discussion is provided. An exhaustive list of applications for any of the chromophores is not included; these may be found by consulting other reviews or the original literature on a topic. Several good reviews on photoremovable protecting groups have appeare ...
226 amines lec
... than other carbonyl compounds. This can also be explained by resonance. [In the table to the left, the most basic compound is at the top and the least basic is at the bottom. The conjugate acids of these bases are also shown, along with their pKas. The weakest conjugate acid is at the top of the lis ...
... than other carbonyl compounds. This can also be explained by resonance. [In the table to the left, the most basic compound is at the top and the least basic is at the bottom. The conjugate acids of these bases are also shown, along with their pKas. The weakest conjugate acid is at the top of the lis ...
Common Leaving Groups
... E1 vs. E2 vs. SN1 vs. SN2 - Summary •As a general rule, elimination reactions can always compete with substitution reactions. We can, however, alter the reaction conditions to favour one process over another. •To favour E1 over SN1 for alcohols, use an acid with a non-nucleophilic conjugate base (H ...
... E1 vs. E2 vs. SN1 vs. SN2 - Summary •As a general rule, elimination reactions can always compete with substitution reactions. We can, however, alter the reaction conditions to favour one process over another. •To favour E1 over SN1 for alcohols, use an acid with a non-nucleophilic conjugate base (H ...
Q4) How the following conversions can be carried out?
... a result, it is easier to lose a proton. Also, the o-nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of protons is stabilized by resonance. Hence, ortho nitrophenol is a stronger acid. On the other hand, methoxy group is an electron-releasing group. Thus, it increases the electron density in the O−H bond a ...
... a result, it is easier to lose a proton. Also, the o-nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of protons is stabilized by resonance. Hence, ortho nitrophenol is a stronger acid. On the other hand, methoxy group is an electron-releasing group. Thus, it increases the electron density in the O−H bond a ...
Ch 9 Lecture 2
... 2) No Hydrogen Bonding is possible in R—O—R 3) Boiling Points are much lower than alcohols, more like haloalkanes 4) Water solubility much less than alcohols a) MeOMe and EtOEt have some water solubility b) Larger ethers are insoluble, very much like alkanes 5) Fairly unreactive, nonpolar solvents f ...
... 2) No Hydrogen Bonding is possible in R—O—R 3) Boiling Points are much lower than alcohols, more like haloalkanes 4) Water solubility much less than alcohols a) MeOMe and EtOEt have some water solubility b) Larger ethers are insoluble, very much like alkanes 5) Fairly unreactive, nonpolar solvents f ...
Reactions of Alkenes: Addition Reactions
... combination that we saw earlier as the last step in the mechanism of the reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides (Section 4.8). This general mechanism is called electrophilic addition. It is triggered by the acid acting as an electrophile toward the electrons of the double bond. Figure 6.3 show ...
... combination that we saw earlier as the last step in the mechanism of the reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides (Section 4.8). This general mechanism is called electrophilic addition. It is triggered by the acid acting as an electrophile toward the electrons of the double bond. Figure 6.3 show ...
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes
... 7. Ozonolysis (strong oxidation): Oxidation of alkenes by ozone “O3” leads to destruction of both the σ and π bonds of the double-bond system. This cleavage of an alkene double bond, generally accomplished in good yield, is called ozonolysis. ...
... 7. Ozonolysis (strong oxidation): Oxidation of alkenes by ozone “O3” leads to destruction of both the σ and π bonds of the double-bond system. This cleavage of an alkene double bond, generally accomplished in good yield, is called ozonolysis. ...
New insights into the mechanism of sorbitol transformation
... crystalline cellulose requires harsh hydrolysis conditions which lead to glucose degradation. Thus, the chemical trapping of glucose into valuable chemicals before its degradation in reaction media increases the yield of the hydrolysis process [4]. The production of sorbitol from cellulose by hydrol ...
... crystalline cellulose requires harsh hydrolysis conditions which lead to glucose degradation. Thus, the chemical trapping of glucose into valuable chemicals before its degradation in reaction media increases the yield of the hydrolysis process [4]. The production of sorbitol from cellulose by hydrol ...
Conjugate addition_Clayden
... Two successive conjugate additions can even happen in the same molecule. In the next example, hydroxylamine is the nucleophile. Hydroxylamine is both an amine and an alcohol, but it always reacts at nitrogen because nitrogen (being less electronegative than oxygen) has a higher-energy (more reactive ...
... Two successive conjugate additions can even happen in the same molecule. In the next example, hydroxylamine is the nucleophile. Hydroxylamine is both an amine and an alcohol, but it always reacts at nitrogen because nitrogen (being less electronegative than oxygen) has a higher-energy (more reactive ...
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone.The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by one carbon. Ring sizes from cyclopropane through cyclooctane are able to undergo Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion with some degree of success. Yields decrease as initial ring size increases, and the ideal use of TDR is for synthesis of five, six, and seven membered rings. A principal synthetic application of Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion is to bicyclic or polycyclic systems. Several reviews on this reaction have been published.