HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS Types of Hydrocarbons
... 8. Certain common nomenclatures are used in the IUPAC system ...
... 8. Certain common nomenclatures are used in the IUPAC system ...
Worked_Examples
... a. The 1-butanol loses —OH from carbon 1 and H— from carbon 2 to form 1-butene. This is the only possible product. CH3—CH2—CH CH2 b. For the dehydration of an asymmetrical alcohol, we use Saytzeff’s rule to remove —OH from carbon 2 and H— from carbon 3, which has the smaller number of H atoms. The m ...
... a. The 1-butanol loses —OH from carbon 1 and H— from carbon 2 to form 1-butene. This is the only possible product. CH3—CH2—CH CH2 b. For the dehydration of an asymmetrical alcohol, we use Saytzeff’s rule to remove —OH from carbon 2 and H— from carbon 3, which has the smaller number of H atoms. The m ...
Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Hydrocarbons
... number of bonds in hydrocarbon molecules provide a source of energy when we “combust” them although we now are dealing with the environmental problems associated with their use. This group is further subdivided according to the structure or way the carbons are attached to each other. Because carbon ...
... number of bonds in hydrocarbon molecules provide a source of energy when we “combust” them although we now are dealing with the environmental problems associated with their use. This group is further subdivided according to the structure or way the carbons are attached to each other. Because carbon ...
14_chapter 8
... Under the optimised condition, various benzyl bromides were reacted with 20% sodium nitrate solution at a temperature of 120 oC to obtain the corresponding benzaldehydes (Table 8.1). In the present scheme, we are not using any of the costly oxidising agents such as manganese dioxide, peracid, period ...
... Under the optimised condition, various benzyl bromides were reacted with 20% sodium nitrate solution at a temperature of 120 oC to obtain the corresponding benzaldehydes (Table 8.1). In the present scheme, we are not using any of the costly oxidising agents such as manganese dioxide, peracid, period ...
Esterification
... formation of phenyl benzoate from benzyl chloride and phenol including a detailed explanation of recrystallization. ...
... formation of phenyl benzoate from benzyl chloride and phenol including a detailed explanation of recrystallization. ...
Polymers - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... Step 1: Locate the longest chain that contains the –OH group attached one carbon atom Step 2: Replace the –e at the end of the alkane with –OH Step 3: Add the position number before the root name to identify th position of the –OH group. If there is more than one –OH group, leave the –e in the name ...
... Step 1: Locate the longest chain that contains the –OH group attached one carbon atom Step 2: Replace the –e at the end of the alkane with –OH Step 3: Add the position number before the root name to identify th position of the –OH group. If there is more than one –OH group, leave the –e in the name ...
Functional Groups
... Functional Groups • An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner. ...
... Functional Groups • An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner. ...
Macromolicules
... Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. ...
... Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. ...
Alcohols and Ethers
... group contain the hydroxyl functional group…………. –OH They only differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chain ...
... group contain the hydroxyl functional group…………. –OH They only differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chain ...
Support material for lesson planning – AS content
... The table on the following pages sets out suggested teaching times for the topics within the Chemistry A AS Level specification from 2015 (H032). This information can also be used in the context of teaching the Chemistry A A Level specification from 2015 (H432). Note that the timings are suggested o ...
... The table on the following pages sets out suggested teaching times for the topics within the Chemistry A AS Level specification from 2015 (H032). This information can also be used in the context of teaching the Chemistry A A Level specification from 2015 (H432). Note that the timings are suggested o ...
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
... (a) Reaction with halogen acids Alcohols can be converted into haloalkanes by the action of halogen acids. R – OH + HX (HCI, HBr, HI) → R-X +H2O For a given alcohol order of reactivity of HX is H-1 > H-Br > H-Cl For a given halogen acid order of reactivity of alcohols Tertiary > Secondary > Primary ...
... (a) Reaction with halogen acids Alcohols can be converted into haloalkanes by the action of halogen acids. R – OH + HX (HCI, HBr, HI) → R-X +H2O For a given alcohol order of reactivity of HX is H-1 > H-Br > H-Cl For a given halogen acid order of reactivity of alcohols Tertiary > Secondary > Primary ...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, General Corrected Mechanism
... can proceed in the same molecule of a halo nitrobenzene they can be considered as complementary processes. Moreover it is possible that the same reactants (nitroarenes and nucleophile) can react in two or even more different ways depending on the structure and conditions. For instance, carbanion of ...
... can proceed in the same molecule of a halo nitrobenzene they can be considered as complementary processes. Moreover it is possible that the same reactants (nitroarenes and nucleophile) can react in two or even more different ways depending on the structure and conditions. For instance, carbanion of ...
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN ALKYNE CHEMISTRY
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
Organic syntheses HSCP
... Lectures on the synthesis of given types of molecules alternate with strategy lectures in which the methods just learnt are placed in a wider context. The synthesis lectures cover many ways of making each type of molecule starting with simple aromatic and aliphatic compounds with one functional grou ...
... Lectures on the synthesis of given types of molecules alternate with strategy lectures in which the methods just learnt are placed in a wider context. The synthesis lectures cover many ways of making each type of molecule starting with simple aromatic and aliphatic compounds with one functional grou ...
Chapter 13 Silicon reagents
... • Silicon does not form very stable multiple bonds, as the large 3p orbital on silicon does not overlap well with the 2p orbital on carbon, oxygen or nitrogen. • Carbon is more electronegative than silicon •Silicon is a very versatile element, and you will find silicon reagents in 2 major roles; •As ...
... • Silicon does not form very stable multiple bonds, as the large 3p orbital on silicon does not overlap well with the 2p orbital on carbon, oxygen or nitrogen. • Carbon is more electronegative than silicon •Silicon is a very versatile element, and you will find silicon reagents in 2 major roles; •As ...
OXIDATION - organicchem.org
... Oxidative Cleavage refers to an increase in bonds to oxygen accompanied by breaking of a C-C bond • Oxidative cleavage generally applies to alkenes • The carbons of the alkene do not need to be bonded to any hydrogen atoms for oxidative cleavage to occur. • During an oxidative cleavage reaction, a C ...
... Oxidative Cleavage refers to an increase in bonds to oxygen accompanied by breaking of a C-C bond • Oxidative cleavage generally applies to alkenes • The carbons of the alkene do not need to be bonded to any hydrogen atoms for oxidative cleavage to occur. • During an oxidative cleavage reaction, a C ...
ALDEHYDES , KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
... negative charge is at the less electronegative carbon atom. ii) The negative charge is delocalised over two electronegative oxygen atoms in carboxylate ion, whereas it is less effectively delocalised over one oxygen atom and less electronegative carbon atoms in phenoxide ion. ...
... negative charge is at the less electronegative carbon atom. ii) The negative charge is delocalised over two electronegative oxygen atoms in carboxylate ion, whereas it is less effectively delocalised over one oxygen atom and less electronegative carbon atoms in phenoxide ion. ...
Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition
... Preparation of Ylides Ylides are prepared from alkyl halides by a two-stage process. The first step is a nucleophilic substitution. Triphenylphosphine is the nucleophile. A ...
... Preparation of Ylides Ylides are prepared from alkyl halides by a two-stage process. The first step is a nucleophilic substitution. Triphenylphosphine is the nucleophile. A ...
CH 102 Laboratory 7 Ester Synthesis and Smells
... the ester will be selectively extracted into the organic solvent. Pet. ether is often used for this task because it has a very low boiling point and can be rapidly removed by evaporation leaving the ester behind. Naturally this procedure will not work if the ester also has a low boiling point. Since ...
... the ester will be selectively extracted into the organic solvent. Pet. ether is often used for this task because it has a very low boiling point and can be rapidly removed by evaporation leaving the ester behind. Naturally this procedure will not work if the ester also has a low boiling point. Since ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.