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Functional Groups
CHEMISTRY 11
MS. MCGRATH
Functional Groups
• A functional group is a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable /
classified group of bound atoms
• In organic chemistry it is very common to see molecules comprised
mainly of a carbon backbone with functional groups attached to the chain
• The functional group gives the molecule its properties, regardless of
what molecule contains it; they are centers of chemical reactivity
•
A functional group can also be the reactive double bond in an alkene or
the triple bond of an alkyne
Functional Groups
• The functional group within a molecule need to be identified
when naming
• The suffix of a compound’s name indicates the functional
group of a molecule
• For example, the suffix –ene indicates the presence of a
double bond
• For example, the suffix –ol indicates the presence of a
hydroxyl group
Functional Groups
• Compounds with the same functional group often have similar physical
properties
• Compounds with the same functional group react chemically in very
similar ways
Functional Groups
We will be looking at the following compounds which each have a single
bonded functional group:
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acid
Esters
Alcohols
• Has a functional group written as –OH, or hydroxyl
• Alcohols can be identified as:
primary - the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to a
carbon that is bonded to only one other carbon
secondary - the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to a
carbon that is bonded to two other carbons
tertiary - the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to a
carbon that is bonded to three other carbons
Alcohols - Nomenclature
Step 1: Locate the longest chain that contains the –OH group attached
one carbon atom
Step 2: Replace the –e at the end of the alkane with –OH
Step 3: Add the position number before the root name to identify th
position of the –OH group. If there is more than one –OH group, leave the
–e in the name of the alkane, place the appropriate prefix (di-, tri-, etc)
before the suffix -ol
Step 4: Name and number other branches on the main chain. Add the
name of the branches to the prefix.