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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 REVIEW SHEET Living matter consists of Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen - (CHON) + small amounts of Sulfur + Phosphorus Organic Chemistry - study of compounds that contain carbon, most also include hydrogen Vitalism - belief in life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws o Theory rejected after labs synthetically made complex organic compounds Mechanism - all natural phenomena governed by physical and chemical laws Characteristics of atom defined by configuration of electrons Carbon - 6 electrons totoal, 4 valence → enables carbon versatility large + complex, tetrahedron shap o Shares electrons = COVALENT BONDS CO2 is source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms Molecular Diversity from carbon skeletons Hydrocarbons - hydrophobic organic molecules consisting only of carbon + hydrogen, show diversity of carbon skeletons of organic molecules, undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy o Regions of human cells have hydrocarbon chains (ex; fat molecules) Types of carbon chain skeletons o Length o Branching - branched or unbranched o Double bonds - location of bond varies o Rings Isotopes - SAME ELEMENT with same proton number but DIFFERENT NEUTRON number Isomers - compounds that have the SAME # of ATOMS of the same elements but DIFFERENT STRUCTURES → different properties, 3 types = structural, geometric, enantiomers Structural Isomer - different covalent arrangement, bond location Geometric Isomer - different spatial arrangement around a double bond but same covalent, have carbon double bond → doesn’t allow moving o cis - isomer : X (atom or group of atoms) on same side o trans - isomer : X (atom or group of atoms) on opposite diagonal sides Enantiomers - mirror images, one normally active + one inactive, pharmacy important o L-Dopa - effective against parkinson disease o D-Dopa - biologically inactive Functional Groups - components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions, 7 groups o Methyl too Hydroxyl Group - (-OH) carbon bonded to hydrogen + oxygen, always polar, makes attached molecule soluble, aka alcohols CarboNyl Group - (-CO) carbon double bonded to oxygen, polar, water soluble, in sugars o Ketones = found at within skeleton o Aldehyde = found at end of skeleton CarboXyl Group - (-COOH) oxygen double bonded to carbon that’s bonded to hydroxyl, polar, water soluble, acidic properties Amino Group - (-NH2) nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen and carbon, polar, water soluble, weak base, accepts H+ from nearby solutions, when combined with carboxyl group → amino acids Sulfhydryl Group - (-SH) sulfur bonded to hydrogen, helps stabilize protein structure b/c two SH groups form covalent bonds, aka thiols Phosphate Groups - (-OPO3 -2) phosphorus bonded to 4 oxygens (2 have neg. charge), O connects to carbon, polar, water soluble, used to transfer energy between molecules, acidic properties b/c of neg. Charge, react with water → release energy Methyl Group - (CH3) carbon to 3 hydrogens, affects expression of genes if added to DNA or other DNA related molecules, addition to male and female sex hormones = change in shape and function ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate molecule, primary energy transferring molecule