acidic site
... It is, however, entirely possible for a molecule to be both an acid and an electrophile – or both a base and a nucleophile. It is even possible for the same molecule to be an acid, a base, a nucleophile and an electrophile all at the same time. In that case, how it reacts will depend on the other sp ...
... It is, however, entirely possible for a molecule to be both an acid and an electrophile – or both a base and a nucleophile. It is even possible for the same molecule to be an acid, a base, a nucleophile and an electrophile all at the same time. In that case, how it reacts will depend on the other sp ...
Chapter 1 Review, pages 72–77
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
Document
... only. Therefore, you will deal with oxidation and reduction separately, as they apply to organic compounds. In organic chemistry, oxidation and reduction are defined by the changes of the bonds to carbon atoms in the organic reactant. ...
... only. Therefore, you will deal with oxidation and reduction separately, as they apply to organic compounds. In organic chemistry, oxidation and reduction are defined by the changes of the bonds to carbon atoms in the organic reactant. ...
Organic Chemistry III Laboratory
... During the last decade, enzymes and microorganisms have become widely used for stereoselective synthesis. These biocatalytic systems present some advantages because they can produce reactions under mild conditions with high enantio- or diastereoselectivity. Obtaining purified enzymes is costly, howe ...
... During the last decade, enzymes and microorganisms have become widely used for stereoselective synthesis. These biocatalytic systems present some advantages because they can produce reactions under mild conditions with high enantio- or diastereoselectivity. Obtaining purified enzymes is costly, howe ...
Ch 16 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
... Ex 16.4 shows how to create 4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene from benzene. Essentially, the CH3 must go before the NO2 in order for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation to work. In general, the NO2 should go on last if possible, because it is a deactivator and slows down the reactions. So, the molecule can be made b ...
... Ex 16.4 shows how to create 4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene from benzene. Essentially, the CH3 must go before the NO2 in order for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation to work. In general, the NO2 should go on last if possible, because it is a deactivator and slows down the reactions. So, the molecule can be made b ...
carbonyl chemistry 1
... b) Electrophilic at carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, reacts as is. Under acidic conditions, O is protonated to give a compound even more electrophilic at C. c) Acidic at α-C (e.g. CHR2COR ). Acidic because of electrophilic nature of carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, bases deprotonate immediatel ...
... b) Electrophilic at carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, reacts as is. Under acidic conditions, O is protonated to give a compound even more electrophilic at C. c) Acidic at α-C (e.g. CHR2COR ). Acidic because of electrophilic nature of carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, bases deprotonate immediatel ...
Chapter 7- Alcohols
... 7.9 Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides Example of a substituted reaction (OH replaced by X) Good synthetic route to alkyl halides Rate depends on degree of substitution 3o > 2o > 1o ...
... 7.9 Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides Example of a substituted reaction (OH replaced by X) Good synthetic route to alkyl halides Rate depends on degree of substitution 3o > 2o > 1o ...
enzymatic resolution of a racemic mixture by acylation in
... INTRODUCTION The synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds is becoming increasingly important in the pharmaceutical and the fine chemicals industries. The use of enzymes as enantioselective catalysts in kinetic resolutions has now become a common method to obtain pure enantiomers. The applicabili ...
... INTRODUCTION The synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds is becoming increasingly important in the pharmaceutical and the fine chemicals industries. The use of enzymes as enantioselective catalysts in kinetic resolutions has now become a common method to obtain pure enantiomers. The applicabili ...
Chemistry 250A -- Exam #3 Answer Key -
... above. The E2 reaction proceeds fastest when the bonds to the hydrogen being abstracted and the leaving group are periplanar to each other, which in a six-membered ring requires that they be in a trans-diaxial conformation. In menthyl chloride there is only one beta hydrogen in this orientation and ...
... above. The E2 reaction proceeds fastest when the bonds to the hydrogen being abstracted and the leaving group are periplanar to each other, which in a six-membered ring requires that they be in a trans-diaxial conformation. In menthyl chloride there is only one beta hydrogen in this orientation and ...
INTRODUCTION
... 9. Discard the solution down the drain with water. 10. REPEAT using the chemicals listed to complete the observation table Analysis and Conclusion: 1. Write balanced structural equations for the reactions observed. What are the structural formulae and IUPAC names for each product produced. 2. Explai ...
... 9. Discard the solution down the drain with water. 10. REPEAT using the chemicals listed to complete the observation table Analysis and Conclusion: 1. Write balanced structural equations for the reactions observed. What are the structural formulae and IUPAC names for each product produced. 2. Explai ...
102 Lecture Ch14a
... O or the S, and are polar compounds • Alcohols and phenols contain a very polarized O-H bond, and they can H-bond with themselves and with other alcohols or water - Small alcohols (4 or less C’s) are soluble in water - Phenol is soluble in water (even with 6 C’s) because it partially ionizes in wate ...
... O or the S, and are polar compounds • Alcohols and phenols contain a very polarized O-H bond, and they can H-bond with themselves and with other alcohols or water - Small alcohols (4 or less C’s) are soluble in water - Phenol is soluble in water (even with 6 C’s) because it partially ionizes in wate ...
Preparation of Alcohols
... F: Hydroxide attacks the less hindered carbon to give the trans diol. Carey 16.12-13. G: Alcohols are formed by the use of hydride reagents: LiAlH4, BH3. NaBH4 doesn't work (not reactive enough), even though BH3 does. Go figure. Carey Table 15.3. H: Two ways to do this, depending on which part of th ...
... F: Hydroxide attacks the less hindered carbon to give the trans diol. Carey 16.12-13. G: Alcohols are formed by the use of hydride reagents: LiAlH4, BH3. NaBH4 doesn't work (not reactive enough), even though BH3 does. Go figure. Carey Table 15.3. H: Two ways to do this, depending on which part of th ...
Introduction - INTEC Chemistry Blog
... electrons are much less stable than expected (anti-aromatic) • They will distort out of plane and behave like ordinary alkenes • 4- and 8-electron compounds are not delocalized (single and double bonds) • Cyclobutadiene is so unstable that it dimerizes at low temperature • Cyclooctatetraene has four ...
... electrons are much less stable than expected (anti-aromatic) • They will distort out of plane and behave like ordinary alkenes • 4- and 8-electron compounds are not delocalized (single and double bonds) • Cyclobutadiene is so unstable that it dimerizes at low temperature • Cyclooctatetraene has four ...
Mechanism
... dehydration, and for sterically hindered substrates it is possible that a base catalyzed selfcondensation (Cannizaro reaction) could occur. Industrial Application- An enantioselective aldol addition product can be obtained in asymmetric synthesis by reaction of benzaldehyde with nitromethane and the ...
... dehydration, and for sterically hindered substrates it is possible that a base catalyzed selfcondensation (Cannizaro reaction) could occur. Industrial Application- An enantioselective aldol addition product can be obtained in asymmetric synthesis by reaction of benzaldehyde with nitromethane and the ...
AP Biology - cloudfront.net
... for unique structures such as long carbon chains and rings. The reason carbon is excellent at forming unique structures and that there are so many carbon compounds is that carbon atoms form very stable covalent bonds with one another (catenation). In contrast to inorganic materials, organic compound ...
... for unique structures such as long carbon chains and rings. The reason carbon is excellent at forming unique structures and that there are so many carbon compounds is that carbon atoms form very stable covalent bonds with one another (catenation). In contrast to inorganic materials, organic compound ...
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
... Formation of carbonyl compounds from alcohols Aldehydes • Oxidation of primary (1°) alcohols - risk of oxidation to acids ...
... Formation of carbonyl compounds from alcohols Aldehydes • Oxidation of primary (1°) alcohols - risk of oxidation to acids ...
10.3 PREPARATION OF ETHERS
... However, this reaction is much less useful when ammonia is the nucleophile because the initial product, a primary amine, is a stronger base and a stronger nucleophile than is ammonia. Therefore, the primary amine preferentially reacts as the nucleophile, producing a secondary amine as a by-product ( ...
... However, this reaction is much less useful when ammonia is the nucleophile because the initial product, a primary amine, is a stronger base and a stronger nucleophile than is ammonia. Therefore, the primary amine preferentially reacts as the nucleophile, producing a secondary amine as a by-product ( ...
Organic Chemistry : Ch. 19
... Types of Alcohols There are three types of alcohols: Primary, Secondary, and tertiary. These types of alcohols are determined by “where” the OH is on the carbon chain. Primary : OH is at the end of a carbon chain. Secondary: OH is in the middle, with 2 C atoms attached to the C with the OH. ...
... Types of Alcohols There are three types of alcohols: Primary, Secondary, and tertiary. These types of alcohols are determined by “where” the OH is on the carbon chain. Primary : OH is at the end of a carbon chain. Secondary: OH is in the middle, with 2 C atoms attached to the C with the OH. ...
L1 - Amines
... Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds between molecules. The N-H bond is not quite as polar as the O-H bond. The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of alcohols. ...
... Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds between molecules. The N-H bond is not quite as polar as the O-H bond. The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of alcohols. ...
I B.Sc. HORTICULTURE-MODEL QUESTION PAPER
... Nomenclature, Preparation by Freunds method, Wislicenus method. Properties reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, Stability of cycloalkanes - Baeyer's strain theory, Sachse and Mohr predictions and Pitzer's strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclo ...
... Nomenclature, Preparation by Freunds method, Wislicenus method. Properties reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, Stability of cycloalkanes - Baeyer's strain theory, Sachse and Mohr predictions and Pitzer's strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclo ...
Synthesis of Isobutyl Propionate via Esterification
... vertical position. Close the valve, and fill the column with dichloromethane to the bottom of the funnel. Prepare a slurry of 1 g of silica gel in 4 mL of dichloromethane in a small beaker. Stir the slurry gently to get rid of air bubbles, and gently swirl, pour, and scrape the slurry into the funne ...
... vertical position. Close the valve, and fill the column with dichloromethane to the bottom of the funnel. Prepare a slurry of 1 g of silica gel in 4 mL of dichloromethane in a small beaker. Stir the slurry gently to get rid of air bubbles, and gently swirl, pour, and scrape the slurry into the funne ...
Alcohols - WordPress.com
... Properties of Alcohols and Phenols: Acidity and Basicity Weakly basic and weakly acidic Alcohols are weak Brønsted bases Protonated by strong acids to yield oxonium ions, ...
... Properties of Alcohols and Phenols: Acidity and Basicity Weakly basic and weakly acidic Alcohols are weak Brønsted bases Protonated by strong acids to yield oxonium ions, ...
Ch03_ Lecture
... • This molecule has an OH (called a hydroxy group) attached to its backbone. • Compounds containing an OH group are called alcohols. • The hydroxy group makes the properties of ethanol very different from the properties of ethane. • Ethanol has lone pairs and polar bonds that make it reactive. • Oth ...
... • This molecule has an OH (called a hydroxy group) attached to its backbone. • Compounds containing an OH group are called alcohols. • The hydroxy group makes the properties of ethanol very different from the properties of ethane. • Ethanol has lone pairs and polar bonds that make it reactive. • Oth ...
Cyclopentane (C5H10) Nomenclature of cycloalcanes Saturated
... Thus for example I above, there are 9 (nine) carbons in both rings together leading to the name spirononane. However, the size of the two rings may vary, for if you look closely at Examples II and III above, you will count 9 (nine) carbon atoms in both rings for each of these compounds as well. So a ...
... Thus for example I above, there are 9 (nine) carbons in both rings together leading to the name spirononane. However, the size of the two rings may vary, for if you look closely at Examples II and III above, you will count 9 (nine) carbon atoms in both rings for each of these compounds as well. So a ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.