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... associated with the initiation of eye- and head-movements [9,10] and with shifts of attention [12,17] to selected target stimuli. Electrical microstimulation of deep-layer neurons elicits saccadic eye movements to the contralateral visual field, with a specific direction and amplitude corresponding ...
... associated with the initiation of eye- and head-movements [9,10] and with shifts of attention [12,17] to selected target stimuli. Electrical microstimulation of deep-layer neurons elicits saccadic eye movements to the contralateral visual field, with a specific direction and amplitude corresponding ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... same neural pathways may be involved in each. Our interest is in which part of these pathways are involved when only the LAR is elicited. Because the LAR can be elicited using a single stimulus (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976), we used a very low rate of stimulation, 0.5 Hz, to prevent the occurrence of swa ...
... same neural pathways may be involved in each. Our interest is in which part of these pathways are involved when only the LAR is elicited. Because the LAR can be elicited using a single stimulus (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976), we used a very low rate of stimulation, 0.5 Hz, to prevent the occurrence of swa ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c-fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit i ...
... SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c-fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit i ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in ...
... dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in ...
Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man
... error variances were used for further statistical analysis. Pixel means across conditions were compared using the t statistic. The resulting set of values constitutes a statistical parametric map [SPM(/)] (Friston et al., \99\b). The significance of these statistical parametric maps in a statistical ...
... error variances were used for further statistical analysis. Pixel means across conditions were compared using the t statistic. The resulting set of values constitutes a statistical parametric map [SPM(/)] (Friston et al., \99\b). The significance of these statistical parametric maps in a statistical ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... (face or word) varied across subjects. This task cue was presented 0.45 s selectivity for faces or words as an effective index of the degree to which before the miniblock. Successive stimuli were separated by 1.8 s within a subjects were attending to face and word stimuli as they switched beminibloc ...
... (face or word) varied across subjects. This task cue was presented 0.45 s selectivity for faces or words as an effective index of the degree to which before the miniblock. Successive stimuli were separated by 1.8 s within a subjects were attending to face and word stimuli as they switched beminibloc ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
A Fast, Reciprocal Pathway between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... in oxygen). Temperature, expired CO2, electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored continuously. Proper anesthetic depth was assessed by monitoring the EEG for changes in slow-wave/spindle activity and the ECG and expired CO2. If chan ...
... in oxygen). Temperature, expired CO2, electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored continuously. Proper anesthetic depth was assessed by monitoring the EEG for changes in slow-wave/spindle activity and the ECG and expired CO2. If chan ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... executive control. Impairments caused by damage to the prefrontal cortex are often called dysexecutive syndromes. Therefore, the prefrontal cortex is considered to play a significant role in executive control. Prefrontal participation to executive control can be partly explained by working memory th ...
... executive control. Impairments caused by damage to the prefrontal cortex are often called dysexecutive syndromes. Therefore, the prefrontal cortex is considered to play a significant role in executive control. Prefrontal participation to executive control can be partly explained by working memory th ...
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion
... neurodevelopmental trajectory of the underlying brain systems in healthy child and adolescent populations, also to be able to accurately characterize the deviance from normal development of affect regulation and social behavior in such clinical populations. To this aim, Nelson et al. (2005) propose ...
... neurodevelopmental trajectory of the underlying brain systems in healthy child and adolescent populations, also to be able to accurately characterize the deviance from normal development of affect regulation and social behavior in such clinical populations. To this aim, Nelson et al. (2005) propose ...
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... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... Mechanisms of neuronal migration in cerebral cortex 6025 compared with those of the wild-type neurons (Fig. 2C′,D′). Radial orientation of α3 integrin mutant apical dendrites towards pial surface deviated by an average of 32±6.6°. By contrast, mean deviation of wild-type dendrites is 7±3.1° [signif ...
... Mechanisms of neuronal migration in cerebral cortex 6025 compared with those of the wild-type neurons (Fig. 2C′,D′). Radial orientation of α3 integrin mutant apical dendrites towards pial surface deviated by an average of 32±6.6°. By contrast, mean deviation of wild-type dendrites is 7±3.1° [signif ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... lymph solution. This fluid was wicked away. The holes were then plugged with bone wax and the surgical field was closed. After a 24 hr-survival period, the animals were perfused transcardially with 15 ml of 0.05% sodium nitrite in normal saline, followed by -200 ml of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.O% p ...
... lymph solution. This fluid was wicked away. The holes were then plugged with bone wax and the surgical field was closed. After a 24 hr-survival period, the animals were perfused transcardially with 15 ml of 0.05% sodium nitrite in normal saline, followed by -200 ml of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.O% p ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... master’s dynamics unperturbed and change just the slave’s couplings. In this Thesis we will deal with the former case. 1.1.1 Physical systems When Voss introduced the concept of AS, he proposed that it would open new avenues in the study, prediction and control of chaotic systems [4, 6, 5]. Indeed, ...
... master’s dynamics unperturbed and change just the slave’s couplings. In this Thesis we will deal with the former case. 1.1.1 Physical systems When Voss introduced the concept of AS, he proposed that it would open new avenues in the study, prediction and control of chaotic systems [4, 6, 5]. Indeed, ...
Inhibitory control in high functioning autism: Decreased activation
... reduced activation in autism in posterior cingulate cortex in a spatial working memory task. Studies have also suggested that atypical preparation in motor planning tasks in autism is consistent with a disturbance of functions in the supplementary motor cortex and the anterior cingulate (Rinehart et ...
... reduced activation in autism in posterior cingulate cortex in a spatial working memory task. Studies have also suggested that atypical preparation in motor planning tasks in autism is consistent with a disturbance of functions in the supplementary motor cortex and the anterior cingulate (Rinehart et ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... (P/PCC), the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex (Raichle et al., 2001; Buckner et al., 2008). Typically, regions in the DMN exhibit collective increases in neural activity when individuals are focusing their attention internally (Buckner et al., 2008), r ...
... (P/PCC), the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex (Raichle et al., 2001; Buckner et al., 2008). Typically, regions in the DMN exhibit collective increases in neural activity when individuals are focusing their attention internally (Buckner et al., 2008), r ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
... may represent different cell types. Examples of both cell types were observed to project to the contralateral side and received labeled synaptic endings. The major finding of this study is that the crossed connections between DNLL exhibit the morphology associated with inhibitory function. Since neu ...
... may represent different cell types. Examples of both cell types were observed to project to the contralateral side and received labeled synaptic endings. The major finding of this study is that the crossed connections between DNLL exhibit the morphology associated with inhibitory function. Since neu ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... have abnormalities in social behavior and the forced swim test, while the L100P mice have increased open field activity (Clapcote et al., 2007). While the point mutations in our mice are not identical to human disease-associated variants, they may still provide important mechanistic insights into Di ...
... have abnormalities in social behavior and the forced swim test, while the L100P mice have increased open field activity (Clapcote et al., 2007). While the point mutations in our mice are not identical to human disease-associated variants, they may still provide important mechanistic insights into Di ...
A Master Key to Assess Stroke Consequences Across Species: The
... bench by Schallert et al. (Schallert et al., 1982), this test is derived from a neurologic exam routinely used by clinicians, namely the Double Simultaneous Stimulation (DSS). In fact, the DSS has been initially developed by clinicians to highlight the contralateral neglect syndrome which is observe ...
... bench by Schallert et al. (Schallert et al., 1982), this test is derived from a neurologic exam routinely used by clinicians, namely the Double Simultaneous Stimulation (DSS). In fact, the DSS has been initially developed by clinicians to highlight the contralateral neglect syndrome which is observe ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... visual cortex of the cat, we used visual stimuli of sinusoidal gratings that drift at the optimal spatiotemporal frequency for the neuron. We first located the center of the CRF by moving rectangular grating patches along the axes perpendicular or parallel to the optimal orientation of the cell, and ...
... visual cortex of the cat, we used visual stimuli of sinusoidal gratings that drift at the optimal spatiotemporal frequency for the neuron. We first located the center of the CRF by moving rectangular grating patches along the axes perpendicular or parallel to the optimal orientation of the cell, and ...
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic
... & Extracting meaning from speech requires the use of pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic information. A central question is: Does the processing of these different types of linguistic information have common or distinct neuroanatomical substrates? We addressed this issue using functional magnetic res ...
... & Extracting meaning from speech requires the use of pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic information. A central question is: Does the processing of these different types of linguistic information have common or distinct neuroanatomical substrates? We addressed this issue using functional magnetic res ...
SECTION A.1 – ELECTRICAL IMBALANCE IN AUTISM A. Evidence
... problems indicate abnormalities in this electrical system. Sensory defensiveness, an over reaction to sensory information, indicates that the problem involves a failure of the peripheral nervous system and brain to adequately filter and modulate the mountains of sensory information that flow into t ...
... problems indicate abnormalities in this electrical system. Sensory defensiveness, an over reaction to sensory information, indicates that the problem involves a failure of the peripheral nervous system and brain to adequately filter and modulate the mountains of sensory information that flow into t ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.